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capacityraw capacitytotal amount of stored information that a medium or storage device can hold is expressed as a quantity of bytes and bits for
addressabilitylocation-addressableeach alone accessible unit of information in storage is chosen with its numerical memory address in the modern
mutability and accessibility of primary memorymutabilityreadwrite storage or mutable storage it provides permit ion for the information to be
volatility of memorynon-volatile memory will received the stored information even if it is not continually supplied with electric power it is
secondary storagesecondary storage or external memory differs from primary storage in that aspect it is not accessible by the cpu directly the
purpose of storageseveral different forms of storage based on different natural phenomena have been invented so far no practical universal
computer data storagecomputer data storage frequently called memory or storage refers to computer recording media and components devices that
implementing protection with virtual memory - computer architectureto enable the operating system to implement protection in the vm system the hw
disadvantages of address translationdisadvantages are following a program that is too large to be held in a part needs some special design that
paging supervisorthis part of the operating system built and manages the page tables if the due to dynamic address translation hardware a page
dynamic address translation if when executing an instruction a cpu fetches an instruction located at a specific virtual address or fetches data
paged virtual memorymostly all implementations of virtual memory divide the virtual address space of an application program into pages a page is a
write miss policy write allocate fetch on write fetch entire block then write word into block allocate a new block on each writ
replacement policyon a particular cache miss we require to evict a line to build room for the new linein an a-way set associative cache we have a
write hit policieswrite througho update next level on every writeo cache is always cleano a lots of traffic to next level
principle of localitytemporal base locality locality in time- if an item is referenced then it will tend to be referenced again soonspatial
applications of microprogrammingmicroprogramming application emulationo use of a micro program on 1 machine to execute programs initially
performance of pipelines with stallsa stall is reason of the pipeline performance to degrade the ideal performance
bubbling the pipelinebubbling the pipeline also known as a pipeline break or pipeline stall is a technique for preventing structural data and branch
eliminating hazards of pipeline - computer architecturewe can delegate the work of eliminating data dependencies to the compiler which can fill
hazard in pipeline - computer architecturea hazard in pipeline-removing a hazard frequently need that some instructions in the pipeline to be
branch control hazards in computer architecturebranching hazards also called control hazards take place when the processor is told to branch -for
structural hazards - computer architecturea structural hazard takes place when a part of the processors hardware is required by 2 or more than two
hazard computer architecturein the computer architecture a hazard is a possible problem that can occurs in a pipelined processor it concern to the
hazards of pipeline - computer architecturehazards when a programmer or compiler writes assembly program code they make the supposition that each