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classification of interrupts 1 a asynchronous external components or hardware malfunction1bsynchronous function of program state for
input output techniqueso interrupt driveno direct memory access dmao programmedprogrammed io cpu has control over io
execution of a full instructionregard as the instructionadd r3 r1executing this particular instruction needed the below described actionsa fetch the
storing a word in memorythat is similar process with fetching a word from memory the required address is loaded into the mar after that data to be
register transfer - computer architectureregister transfer the output and input gates for register ri are controlled by the signals riout and riin
working of compact diska cd is built from 12 mm thick approximately all-pure polycarbonate plastic and its weighs is approximately 15-20 grams from
optical storage - computer architectureoptical storage the distinctive optical disc stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular
capacity and access speedpc hard disk drive capacity measured in gb the vertical axis is logarithmic so the accurate line corresponds to exponential
error handling in hard disk in computer architecturemodern drives also make widespread use of error correcting codes eccs specifically
magnetic storage - computer architecturemagnetic storage uses different type of patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store
capacityraw capacitytotal amount of stored information that a medium or storage device can hold is expressed as a quantity of bytes and bits for
addressabilitylocation-addressableeach alone accessible unit of information in storage is chosen with its numerical memory address in the modern
mutability and accessibility of primary memorymutabilityreadwrite storage or mutable storage it provides permit ion for the information to be
volatility of memorynon-volatile memory will received the stored information even if it is not continually supplied with electric power it is
secondary storagesecondary storage or external memory differs from primary storage in that aspect it is not accessible by the cpu directly the
purpose of storageseveral different forms of storage based on different natural phenomena have been invented so far no practical universal
computer data storagecomputer data storage frequently called memory or storage refers to computer recording media and components devices that
implementing protection with virtual memory - computer architectureto enable the operating system to implement protection in the vm system the hw
disadvantages of address translationdisadvantages are following a program that is too large to be held in a part needs some special design that
paging supervisorthis part of the operating system built and manages the page tables if the due to dynamic address translation hardware a page
dynamic address translation if when executing an instruction a cpu fetches an instruction located at a specific virtual address or fetches data
paged virtual memorymostly all implementations of virtual memory divide the virtual address space of an application program into pages a page is a
write miss policy write allocate fetch on write fetch entire block then write word into block allocate a new block on each writ
replacement policyon a particular cache miss we require to evict a line to build room for the new linein an a-way set associative cache we have a
write hit policieswrite througho update next level on every writeo cache is always cleano a lots of traffic to next level