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handshake packetshandshake packets consist of nothing but a pid byte and are usually sent in response to data packets the 3 basic types are nak
signaling - universal serial bususb supports following signaling rateso a low speed rate of 15 mbits is defined by usb 10 this is so much
ending transactionseither side may request that a burst end after the present data phase simple pci component that do not support multi-word bursts
data phasesafter the address phase particularly starting with the cycle that devsel goes low comes a burst of one or more data phases in all the
address phasea pci bus transaction starts having an address phase the initiator after seeing that it has gnt and the bus is inactive drives the
pci bus transactionspci bus traffic is prepared of a series of pci bus transactions each transaction is build up of an address phase that is followed
common functions of interruptsan interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally through the interrupt vector table which
post interrupts - computer architecturepost interrupts exact interrupts examine interrupt bit on entering wb longer latencyhandle immediately
classification of interrupts 1 a asynchronous external components or hardware malfunction1bsynchronous function of program state for
input output techniqueso interrupt driveno direct memory access dmao programmedprogrammed io cpu has control over io
execution of a full instructionregard as the instructionadd r3 r1executing this particular instruction needed the below described actionsa fetch the
storing a word in memorythat is similar process with fetching a word from memory the required address is loaded into the mar after that data to be
register transfer - computer architectureregister transfer the output and input gates for register ri are controlled by the signals riout and riin
working of compact diska cd is built from 12 mm thick approximately all-pure polycarbonate plastic and its weighs is approximately 15-20 grams from
optical storage - computer architectureoptical storage the distinctive optical disc stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular
capacity and access speedpc hard disk drive capacity measured in gb the vertical axis is logarithmic so the accurate line corresponds to exponential
error handling in hard disk in computer architecturemodern drives also make widespread use of error correcting codes eccs specifically
magnetic storage - computer architecturemagnetic storage uses different type of patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store
capacityraw capacitytotal amount of stored information that a medium or storage device can hold is expressed as a quantity of bytes and bits for
addressabilitylocation-addressableeach alone accessible unit of information in storage is chosen with its numerical memory address in the modern
mutability and accessibility of primary memorymutabilityreadwrite storage or mutable storage it provides permit ion for the information to be
volatility of memorynon-volatile memory will received the stored information even if it is not continually supplied with electric power it is
secondary storagesecondary storage or external memory differs from primary storage in that aspect it is not accessible by the cpu directly the
purpose of storageseveral different forms of storage based on different natural phenomena have been invented so far no practical universal
computer data storagecomputer data storage frequently called memory or storage refers to computer recording media and components devices that