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time sharing systemwith the use multiprogramming the batch processing can be quite efficient however for many jobs it is desirable to provide
simple batch systemsearly machines were very expensive and therefore it was important to maximize machine utilization to improve utilization the
memory managementthe purpose of the memory management system is to load programs into memory in such a way as to give each program loaded the
process control management a process is an executing program it is considered the standard unit of work within a computer system every
inputoutput services every operating system large or small provides inputoutput services for each device in the system the operating system
file management the concept of a file is central to the effective use of a computer system a file is generally loosely defined as a collection
command processor and user interfaceto the user the most important and visible services provided by the os is the user interface and the
operating system servicesin this section we consider basic services supported by an operating system there are many building blocks to be
diskless workstations most people assume that the operating system is stored on a disk that is connected directly to the computer but this
need of operating systemwhat kind of facilities operating system provides to the users and programsthe operating system provides interfaces for
execute a command in operating systemin order to execute a command os does thefollowing steps it accepts a command from a user through mouse
bootstrap loaderthe critical programs are loaded into memory by the bootstrap loader at start-up time and will remain resident as long as the
operating system an operating system is system software which may be viewed as an organized collection of software consisting of procedures for
interpreter an interpreter is a program that translates each statement in the programming language into machine code and runs it such an
compiled language an additional program called a compiler translates a program written in a programming language into a new file that does not
library function these are the functions supplied with the programming language the code or definition of library functions does not have to
function the purpose of a function is to take in a number of values or arguments do some calculations with those arguments and then return a
subroutine a subroutine is a type of subprogram a piece of code within a larger program that performs a specific task and is relatively
subroutine and functions in a program it is often necessary to repeat a statement or group of statements at several points to accomplish a
conditional statement an if statement is composed of three parts the first part should be keyword wrt language to convey to the computer that it
looping statement the purpose of a loop structure is to repeat certain tasks until some condition is satisfied several variations of a loop
assignment it is composed of variable name an assignment operator of the language and a value or variable or some expression as per
arrayarray in programming when large amount of related data needs to be processed and each data element is stored with different a
data type data type anything that is processed by a computer is called data there are different types of data that can be given to the computer
constantin contrast to a variable which is used as identifier for a value and which can change constants are identifiers that are used for values