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optical fibrescoaxial cables have limitations such as broadband transmission medium which can be overcome by the use of optical fibres optical
coaxial cablesanother metallic transmission medium which offers a large bandwidth is the coaxial cable such cables consist of an outer protective
twisted pairstwisted pairs are familiar to all of us as the copper wire telephone lines these are of low frequency and support a limited bandwidth
transmission mediawhen we speak of transmission media we usually mean a mix of physical lines ranging from wire pairs to cable and over the air
modernsas it was explained earlier communications channels can operate in either the analog or digital mode however a given circuit can operate
synchronous and asynchronous transmissionanother method of setting of terminals denotes synchronous or asynchronous transmission many terminals
communication channelsa wire pair connecting two telephones is the simplest circuit allowing communication in both directions other channels
message quality and quantityquality of transmission is a very important consideration in telecommunication voice communication can use a narrow
bandwidthbandwidth is the second concept important for transmission this concept can be explained with the help of the traffic network mentioned
frequency and bandwidthlet us try to understand a little about how information is transmitted the information may be in the form of sound human
analog transmissionin analog transmission there is a continuous up and down pattern for example one wave constitutes one cycle which is measured
data transmissionwhen we talk on the telephone we generally transmit a message to someone else the message is made up of words that we speak into
telecommunications networka telecommunications network at its simplest may be regarded as comprising a transmission network an arrangement of
alternative approaches for acquiring softwarethere are some alternative approaches for acquiring software they are i off the shelf software
data base softwareanother major type of application comes under the heading database software which allows for the collection of searching for and
desk top publishing programdesktop publishing programs contain many of the features of word processing software but go even further in the ability
word processing wpword processing is one of the most widespread application software types in use today developed as a successor to primitive text
high level languageshigh level languages converted to machine code by compiler or equivalent are much easier to program as well as to understand
applications softwaregeneral aspects on applications software applications software is the program that allow the user to get the required
operating systemsthe operating system is the software that mediates between the applications programs and a level of instructions nearer to the
systems softwaresystems software is generally supplied by the hardware manufacturers it includes operating systems assemblers compilers and
software basicssoftware is a generic term covering the concepts procedures and instructions which cause the computer systems to accomplish the
laser printersthese printers can print a whole page at one command offer highest quality and can combine text graphics etc they are generally
impact printers and non - impact printersimpact printersthese are printers in which the print-head strikes a ribbon and include the daisywheel and
printersprinters printers exist in a variety of forms line printersthese have been widely used for many years in large computer installations