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what is hmp pathwaythe hmp pathway like glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell however c02 which is not produced in glycolysis is a
define glycolysisglycolysis or the citric acid cycle in which the direction of the reactions is well defined the interconversion reactions of the
three molecules of ducose-6-phosphate yield 3 molecules of co and 3 molecules of five carbon residues pentose sugar the latter are converted
define hexose monophosphate pathwaythe hexose monophosphate pathway hmp also called the pentose phosphate pathway or phoshogluconate pathway consists
reaction of the futile cycle-a an adequate level of camp stimulates formation of the inactive d form of glycogen
what is the futile cyclethe futile cycle is avoided because covalent modification by phosphorylation has opposite effects on the enzymes
adenylate cyclase in the liver cell membraneglucagon activates adenylate cyclase in the liver cell membrane and thus turns on
regulation of glycogen metabolismit is important for you to understand that glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are
the regulation mechanism involvesa the hormones catecholamines epinephrine norepinephrine and glucagon cause the increase in camp levels in
glycogenolysisunlike glycogenesis glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen glycogen is broken down in the liver and muscle
glycogen synthase exists in two forms the phosphorylated form designated as d form is the inactive one and the
regulation of glycogenesisglycogen synthase the key enzyme in glycogenesis is activated by insulin and glucose and inhibited by
important aspects related to regulation include1 the hormones glucagon and glucocorticoids which are secreted during
the key enzymes of gluconeogenesisincludea pyruvate carboxylaseb phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinasec fructose- 16-bisphosphatase
glucose-1-phosphate to glycogenthe conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glycogen is through udpg and glycogen synthase we shall learn
glucose-6-phosphate to glucoseglucose-6-phosphate to glucose glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase which is
fructose-16-bisphosphate and fructose-6-phosphate the conversion of fructose-16- bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is
oxaloacetate to malateoxaloacetate to malate oxaloacetate cannot permeate mitochondria 1 membrane well and it must be transported across the
pyruvate carboxylationpyruvate carboxylation in this reaction pyruvate co and atp are converted to oxaloacetate adp and pi catalysed by the
the alanine cyclefollow the alanine link in the alanine cycle the process goes as under1 pyruvate formed from glycolysis in the
the cori cyclea pyruvate formed from glucose is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase in the muscle cellb lactate is released
what is lactatelactate is transported to the liver in the cori cycle lactic acid cycle and is converted to pyruvate hepatic
functions of gluconeogenesisthe significance of gluconeogenesis include1 during starvation or during periods of limited carbohydrate
explain gluconeogenesisgluconeogenesis ie synthesis of new glucose is the synthesis of carbohydrate from non-carbohydrate
anaplerotic reactions anaplerotic reactions are reactions that replenish the intermediates of citric acid cycle the