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features of estuaries the physicochemical properties of the estuaries have large variation in several parameters and this often creates stressful
estuaries - aquatic ecosystemsall the rivers and lakes ultimately drain into the sea however many rivers develop a highly specialised zone before
biota of pelagic zonepelagic region constitutes 90 per cent of the total ocean surface and is less rich in species and numbers of organisms than the
biota of the neritic oceanic zonethis zone constitutes 75 per cent of the total oceanic area and is relatively rich in species and high in
biota of littoral zonethis zone is the shore region of the marine ecosystems and is subject to violence of waves and tides fluctuation of water level
biota of oceans - ecosystemlife in the sea is not particularly abundant though the diversity of organisms is very high almost every major group of
pelagic zone - organisation of the marine ecosystemthe waters contained in the sea basin constitute the pelagic zone which is divided into the
benthic zone - organisation of the marine ecosystemthe benthic zone is divisible into sub zones horizontally these are depicted in a cross section
circulation of nutrients in the coastal zonecirculation of nutrients from the sea bottom to the upper surface occurs in the coastal regions by two
depth and currentsdepththe sea is very deep varying in different regions generally life extends to all depths but is confined more to the continental
pressure and continuitypressurewater pressure increases with depth which varies in the ocean from 1 atmosphere where at the surface to 1000
dissolved gases and alkalinitydissolved gasesthe marine environment serves as a gigantic reservoir of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide which
temperature and concentration of nutrientstemperaturetemperature like salinity remains almost constant in the oceans in contrast to the land or
light - marine ecosystemslight is a limiting factor in the ocean as it contributes significantly to organic production and distribution of marine
marine ecosystems marine ecosystems cover 70 per cent of the earths surface and have an average depth of 3750 m the greatest known depth being 10750
plants - slow moving watersplant life is abundant in this habitat and includes rooted vascular plants such as pond weeds and grasses firmly attached
animals - slow moving waterszooplankton are common here and include an assemblage of protozoa and smaller crustacean such as water flies and copepods
plants - rapidly flowing watersamong the plants only small well attached forms such as sessile algae can survive here thus due to the presence of
animals - rapidly flowing watersin the exposed rock surface habitats only those organisms are found which have efficient mechanisms for staying in
rapidly flowing waters - biota of rivers in the rapidly flowing section of the river the water current is the dominant feature everything that is not
coarse fish reach or lowland course zonethis zone corresponds to the lower course of the river here the river is deep and slow moving its sluggish
the mirrows reach or grayling zonethis zone has a less steep gradient than the trout beck the river here still flows swiftly though the current is
trout beck zone - lotic ecosystemthis is larger and more constant than the head stream the greater volume of torrential water carves channels into
head stream of highland brook zonethis is formed by a number of small streams which originate from a marsh a spring or a glacier this is a small
the lower course - classification of the riverthe lower course of the river occurs in the plains across which it meanders or zigzags slowly the river