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pressure and continuitypressurewater pressure increases with depth which varies in the ocean from 1 atmosphere where at the surface to 1000
dissolved gases and alkalinitydissolved gasesthe marine environment serves as a gigantic reservoir of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide which
temperature and concentration of nutrientstemperaturetemperature like salinity remains almost constant in the oceans in contrast to the land or
light - marine ecosystemslight is a limiting factor in the ocean as it contributes significantly to organic production and distribution of marine
marine ecosystems marine ecosystems cover 70 per cent of the earths surface and have an average depth of 3750 m the greatest known depth being 10750
plants - slow moving watersplant life is abundant in this habitat and includes rooted vascular plants such as pond weeds and grasses firmly attached
animals - slow moving waterszooplankton are common here and include an assemblage of protozoa and smaller crustacean such as water flies and copepods
plants - rapidly flowing watersamong the plants only small well attached forms such as sessile algae can survive here thus due to the presence of
animals - rapidly flowing watersin the exposed rock surface habitats only those organisms are found which have efficient mechanisms for staying in
rapidly flowing waters - biota of rivers in the rapidly flowing section of the river the water current is the dominant feature everything that is not
coarse fish reach or lowland course zonethis zone corresponds to the lower course of the river here the river is deep and slow moving its sluggish
the mirrows reach or grayling zonethis zone has a less steep gradient than the trout beck the river here still flows swiftly though the current is
trout beck zone - lotic ecosystemthis is larger and more constant than the head stream the greater volume of torrential water carves channels into
head stream of highland brook zonethis is formed by a number of small streams which originate from a marsh a spring or a glacier this is a small
the lower course - classification of the riverthe lower course of the river occurs in the plains across which it meanders or zigzags slowly the river
the middle course - classification of the riverthe middle course of the river occurs over the foothill belt where the velocity or water is
the upper or mountain course - classification of the riverhere the water is fast flowing and runs through a v shaped valley with unstable banks the
classification of the river zones the course of a river can be classified in two ways firstly by its physical characteristics and secondly by the
characteristics of river systems the basic function of the rivers is to convey surplus rain water from land to sea annually the rivers carry fresh
lotic ecosystems rivers the lotic or flowing water habitats include rivers streams brooks etc the most outstanding features of such habitats is the
animals of the open water zone the limnetic region of this zone contains certain fishes as well as rotifers zooplankton such as crustacean and
plants of the open water zonein this zone plants are restricted to the limnetic one and generally consist of phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates
animals of the littoral zone animals of this zone may be herbivores carnivores or detritus feeders and are as diverse as plants many of them such as
categories of benthic flowering plantszone of emergent plantsconsisting of plants whose roots and stems remain submerged in water and whose upper
littoral zoneplants of the littoral zonetwo types of plants occur here non-rooted phytoplanktons which include all kinds of algae occurring in the