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pollinia and massulaein most cases the pollen grains of each tetrad become separated from one another and they lie freely in the pollen sac in some
sterility in angiospermssterility in angiosperms may arise due to several causes either the anther may not be formed or anthers are formed but
pollenkitt - pollen wallthe lipoidal layer found on the outside of the mature pollen grains of many insect pollinated species is known as the
difference between vegetative and generative cell the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell and the generative cell is distinctly different the generative
endothelium - ovulein plants bearing unitegmic ovules the nucellus degenerates during early stages of ovule development and the embryo sac comes in
types of ovules anatropousthis is the most common type of ovule in angiosperms in which the ovule undergoes curvature such that the micropylar end
ovule the ovule also known as the megasporangium is the forerunner of the seed it consists of a central mound of tissue called the nucellus which is
release of microspores up to the tetrad stage there is no cellulosic wall around the microspores as you will come to know in the next unit a unique
cytoplasmic reorganisationmeiosis is also associated with major reorganisation of the cytoplasm of mmcs and microspores microspore mother cell shows
sporogenous tissuethe primary sporogenous cells pscs result after the periclinal division of the archesporial cells the pscs may undergo mitotic
amoeboid tapetum - tapetumit is also known as invasive or periplus modial tapetum this type of tapetum is more prevalent in the monocotyledons arum
types of individuals in cnidariathere are two forms of individuals in cnidaria polyp medusapolyp is tubular the oral end being free carrying a whorl
characteristic features of phylum cnidariaall are aquatic animalsradial or biradial symmetry around an oro-aboral axis but no headdiploblastic with
use of the activity chart organizing teams and to decide its strength of different operations on mass production work establishing teams for
legal level -pollution controlpollution must be controlled by effective legislation also like usa japan germany and many other countries a
technological level - pollution controlair pollution can be reduced by using bag filters electrostatic precipitators and cyclone separators that
control of pollutionwe have seen that pollution affects human health vegetation crop yield trees fisheries forests buildings archaeological monuments
radiation pollutionit is unfortunate that harmful radiations cause severe pollution but they cannot be seen or observed by eyes and are difficult to
effects of noise - noise pollutionnoise can affect in the following three ways interferes with communication diminishes hearing and affects health
noise pollution - environmental pollutionnoise is unwanted sound or excessively high levels of sound noise pollution is not only an annoyance but at
effects on health - water pollution water pollution deteriorates the quality of water used for drinking bathing swimming recreation and irrigation
effects on aquatic organisms - water pollution toxic water pollutants such as metals pesticides insecticides and chemicals affect aquatic species
contamination due to pathogens - water pollutionsewage is a source of pathogenic viruses bacteria worms and other parasites the extent of
eutrophication - effect on water bodiesmoderate quantities of sewage decay naturally in a water body and water gets purified after some time but the
biological oxygen demand - effect on water bodiesaddition of biodegradable matter exerts demand on oxygen of the water body the demand of oxygen is