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the middle course - classification of the riverthe middle course of the river occurs over the foothill belt where the velocity or water is
the upper or mountain course - classification of the riverhere the water is fast flowing and runs through a v shaped valley with unstable banks the
classification of the river zones the course of a river can be classified in two ways firstly by its physical characteristics and secondly by the
characteristics of river systems the basic function of the rivers is to convey surplus rain water from land to sea annually the rivers carry fresh
lotic ecosystems rivers the lotic or flowing water habitats include rivers streams brooks etc the most outstanding features of such habitats is the
animals of the open water zone the limnetic region of this zone contains certain fishes as well as rotifers zooplankton such as crustacean and
plants of the open water zonein this zone plants are restricted to the limnetic one and generally consist of phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates
animals of the littoral zone animals of this zone may be herbivores carnivores or detritus feeders and are as diverse as plants many of them such as
categories of benthic flowering plantszone of emergent plantsconsisting of plants whose roots and stems remain submerged in water and whose upper
littoral zoneplants of the littoral zonetwo types of plants occur here non-rooted phytoplanktons which include all kinds of algae occurring in the
open water zone - lake ecosystemthis extends beyond the littoral zone and is too deep for light to penetrate till the bottom and for rooted plants to
littoral and benthic zonelittoral zonethis is the shallow water zone near the shore where light penetrates to the bottom rooted plants can grow only
biota of lakes lakes exhibit life zones so far you have been reading about the vertical zonation of lakes the lakes can be divided into horizontal
oxygen stratification - lake ecosystemin most lakes oxygen stratification nearly parallels that of temperature during the summer season the amount of
light stratification - lake ecosystemthe penetration of light in water bodies is limited depending on the transparency of water and its ability to
autumn fall overturnin autumn or early winter the air temperature falls resulting in the cooling of the surface waters when the surface water cools
spring overturn - overturnin spring and early summer season the increased solar radiation melts the ice cover which as it attains a temperature of
overturn - thermal stratificationthe summer or winter stratification is seasonal circulation of lake water occurs twice a year in the spring and
winter stratification - thermal stratificationduring extremes of winter the surface layer of the lake freezes or attains a temperature close to 0deg
hypolimnion - summer stratificationthis zone forms the bottom layer which is deep cold and non- circulating the hypolimnion is generally rich in
metalimnion - summer stratificationthis zone lies below the epilimnion and above the hypolimnion and thus forms the intermediate layer which is
epilimnion - summer stratificationthis forms the upper layer of the lake and consists of freely- circulating warm water which is well lighted though
summer stratification - thermal stratificationthermal stratification is fairly pronounced during the summer seasons in most lakes of the temperate
thermal stratification - lake ecosystemshallow lakes show no thermal stratification as their waters are well mixed resulting in uniform temperature
characteristics of lake ecosystemsthe environment of static waters of lakes and ponds sharply contrasts with those of lotic ecosystems light