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topology and cell organ shapestopology is an abstract mathematical exercise that deals with the possible shapes and surfaces of an
thermodynamics and cell shapeswhy are protoplasts cells devoid of cell wall spherical why are most of the unicellular organisms prokaryotes and
polarity - root and shoot morphogenesispolarity is defined as having a difference morphological physiological or both between the two ends of an axis
morphogenesis and totipotency a chlamydomonas mother cell gives rise to two daughter cells by a simple division but a leaf cell cannot give rise to a
flowering and endogenous rhythms the last four decades of studies in animals and plant physiology have clearly established the existence of a
effect of temperaturecertain plants such as the winter rye secale cereale and the biennial strain of henbane hyoscyamus niger require exposure to low
morphological changes - floral inductionsome of the morphological changes that accompany floral induction are change in the shape of meristem
floral initiation activation is generally most marked in the central zone of the meristems most of the responses following inductive treatment have
floral apex each plant must pass through a minimal ripeness to flower stage that is even to perceive and respond to a specific photoperiodic regime a
phytochrome - floral inductionphytochrome a pigment that exists in two different inter convertible forms was discovered by hendricks and borthwrick
nature of light - floral inductionred light promotes flowering in short day plants if the dark regime of a short day plant is interrupted by red
perception of light - floral inductionstimulus leaves are found to be organs that perceive light stimulus kc hamner and j bonner showed in 1938 that
floral inductionthe transformation of vegetative apex into a floral apex is a multifactor and multistep phenomenon despite researches on flowering
lateral roots - root apex lateral roots normally arise at a definite distance behind the tip from areas close to or opposite the points of xylem star
differentiation of tissues - root apex new cells generated from the divisions of meristematic cells start expanding and differentiating further
vivipary - development biologyin flowering plants the seed or fruit generally is dispersed and germination occurs when the conditions are congenial
types of parthenocarpythree types of parthenocarpy are generally recognized genetical environmental chemically-induced genetical parthenocarpy is
parthenocarpyit is generally observed that the fruit develops after fertilization and it has fertile seeds inside it however this is not always so
zoochory - dispersal of seedssome fruits are eaten by animals and the seeds are passed out with the excreta endozoochory plums lantana grapes figs
autochory - dispersal of seeds this mechanism of self-dispersal is based on forceful expulsion of the seed from the fruit because of desiccation or
dispersal of seeds a plant usually bears many fruits and innumerable seeds if all the seeds produced by a plant were to germinate in the immediate
hydrochory - dispersal of seedsplants that grow in or along the bank of water bodies often utilize water as an agency for dissemination of fruits and
legume - development of seedsouter epidermis of the ovary usually forms the exocarp of the leguminous pod next few cell layers constitute the
stored metabolites - seed and fruitin a large majority of seeds food is stored in the cells of the endosperm in coconut wheat and castor bean for
caryopsis - development of fruitin cereals each carpel has one ovule and therefore the mature fruit has just one seed during maturation very little