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tail - structure of the spermthe tail or flagellum is the longest part of the sperm by its movement it causes the sperm to swim with the head forward
middle piece - structure of the spermjust behind the head the small constriction neck carries a distal and a proximal centriole the two lie at right
head - structure of the sperm it exhibits a diversity of shapes in different animal groups eg spherical teleost fishes rod or lance shaped amphibians
spermiogenesis - spermatogenesisat the end of the meiosis the spermatids appear as simple spherical cells with a centrally located nucleus their
spermatogenesis in multicellular organisms the reproductive process commences with the production of gametes the gametes are the sex cells that
future - development biologyfertilization in flowering plants is essential for sustaining life on earth production of most crops depends on the
suspensor - pollen biologythe structure and function of suspensor have not been given adequate attention during the last decade however
embryo - pollen biologythe suspensor cells of young embryos of tropaeolum majus show that the activity of acid phosphatase increases from micropylar
endosperm - pollen biologythe examination of live material of j montana reveals that the division of the primary endosperm nucleus is transverse
pollen biologyfluorescence microscopy coupled with biochemical analysis has helped resolve the differential activity of the enzyme beta-l 3-
production of industrial compoundscultured plant cells retain their metabolic potential and synthesise secondary products of commerce cell cultures
germplasm conservation - plant tissue and organ culturetotipotent plant cells and shoot tips can be freeze-preserved in liquid nitrogen -196 c for
merits of micro propagationthe special merits of micro propagation are1 it considerably increases the rate of multiplication2 high rate of
transplantation - clonal propagationthe shoots or plantlets multiplied on a medium containing organic nutrients show poor photosynthetic capability
shoot multiplication -clonal propagation this is the most important step with respect to the rate of propagation and genetic uniformity of the
clonal propagation most cultivars of ornamental and fruit species and forest trees are highly heterozygous consequently their seed progeny is not
androgenic haploidsandrogenic haploids of some species such as wheat mustard and tobacco can also be raised through isolated microspore pollen
production of disease-free plantsunder normal conditions plants are infected by a wide range of pathogens such as bacteria fungi viruses viroids and
haploid productionthe higher plants are normally diploid with two sets of chromosomes in their somatic cells their haploids with one set of
production of rare hybrids hybridization is a well established plant breeding procedure to obtain superior plants by combining useful characters
somatic embryogenesis the process of embryo development is called embryogenesis it is not the monopoly of the egg to form an embryo any cell of the
organogenesis - plant tissue and organ cultureorganogenesis refers to the differentiation of organs such as roots shoots or flowers shoot bud
cellular totipotency the innumerable cells which constitute the body of a higher plant or animal and containing identical genetic material can be
bergmanns method of cell platingin this method free cells are suspended in a liquid medium at a density twice the finally desired plating density
immobilisation of cellsimmobilisation of cells enables re-use of biomass by rotation of cells separation of cells from the medium and leaching of