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wigs and hairs - seed appendages seeds of certain plants have epidermal outgrowths or the integuments themselves may form folds and projections that
operculum - seed appendagesthe term operculum is applied to a plug-like structure formed in the micropylar portion of the seed by proliferation of
caruncle - seed appendagesthis is a white collar-like structure borne on the micropylar end of the seed in many members of the euphorbiaceae such as
aril - seed appendagesit is an outgrowth that arises from the funicle or the testa near the raphe and covers the seed partially or completely it is
nucellus - seedin a large majority of flowering plants the nucellus is gradually utilized by the endosperm or embryo in leguminous seeds for example
seeda seed is a mature ovule enclosing an embryonic plant stored food material in endosperm persistent nucellus or embryo itself and a seed coat
embryos prom synergids the synergids which usually degenerate prior to or soon after double fertilization are reported to give rise to embryos in
uses of plural embryos although the basic that trigger causes polyembryony are not fully understood there has been no dearth of interest in
in vitro studies - nutrition of embryostudies involving culture of embryos excised of various stages of development ie early globular proembryo late
nutrition of embryo - in vivo studiesthe young proembryo derives its nutrition from ovular tissues with the help of suspensor as the embryo develops
polyembryony presence of more than one embryo in a seed is termed polyembryony the phenomenon first discovered in orange seeds by leeuwenhoek 1719
mature embryoa typical dicotyledonous embryo as seen in a median longitudinal section consists of an embryonal axis having two broad cotyledons the
monocotyledonous embryo the early development of the proembryo in monocots follows the same pattern as in the dicots however at the time of
histogenesis and organogenesisafter the octant stage numerous cell divisions occur in various planes the proembryo become globular or bulb-shaped as
types of embryogeny on the basis of the plane of division of the zygote and of the cells of the 2-celled proembryo and also taking into account the
zygote - embryogenesisthe fertilized egg or zygote is situated at the micropylar endpole of the embryo sac its basal micropylar end is attached to
structure and fate of endosperm the cells of endosperm are usually thin-walled large isodiametric and devoid of pits and store large amount of food
morphological nature of endosperm the morphological nature of endosperm in angiosperms has been a subject of much discussion in evolution the
cytology of endosperm normally the young endosperm is triploid as it is formed by the fusion of three haploid nuclei male gamete upper polar nucleus
functions of endosperm the tissue of young endosperm is rich in food materials and various growth hormones it regulates the precise mode of embryo
mosaic endosperm - variants of endospermin some plants patches of two different colors appear in the tissues of the endosperm providing a mosaic
ruminate endosperm - variants of endospermin certain plants the surface of the mature cellular endosperm shows a high degree of irregularity and
composite endosperm - variants of endospermin the family loranthaceae the development of endosperm is unique the ovary lacks ovules the sporogenous
endosperm with micropylar and chalazal haustoria some plants develop haustoria from both micropylar and chalazal ends of endosperm in nemophila
endosperm with chalazal haustorium in grevillea robusta a member of proteaceae the endosperm is of the free nuclear type the upper part of endosperm