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adp-atp system of energy exchange in 1929 lohmann fiske and subbarow published their discovery that the energy
biological energy whenever matter is broken down its chemical energy is released as heat non biological system can utilize this heat energy directly
chemical energy of matter as is obvious from the above account living cells obtain energy by breaking c-c and c-h
energy cycle of living beingsource of energy all matter locks energy in the from of bonds between component
thermodynamicsthermodynamics tells us that every transformation of matter chemical transformation is accompanied with energy
anabolism and catabolismcellular metabolism has two aspects 1 anabolism this aspect includes metabolic
cells is a miniature chemical factorydue to its incessant metabolic processes a living cell earns the attribute of a
what is metabolism the sum total of vital activities movements nutrition growth respiration excretion reproduction behaviour etc is
nucleusfirst described and christened by robert brown 1831 a nucleus is the largest and most important organelle of eukaryotic cells it is membrane
ribosomes are minute nonmembranous and dense spheroidal particles or granules first observed by electron
peroxisomes and glyoxysomescertain small ovoid unit membrane bound sac like cytoplasmic organelles resembling lysosomes in
lysosomeslike mitochondrial lysosomes are also typical membrane bound and dense fluid filled sac like cytoplasmic organelles of
mitochondria singular- mitochondrionthese are conspicuous hollow sac liked cell organelles found in all eukaryotic cells
vacuoles some animals cells may have one to a few small fluid filled vacuoles plants cells in general possess one or a
golgi complex golgi apparatus golgi bodythe nobel laureate camilla golgi 1898 discovered the presence of a special small
endoplasmic reticulumbulk of the cytoplasmic compartment of a cell is occupied by complex continuous channel system in the form a
cytoplasmic matrix cytosol or hyaloplasm this is the actual protoplasmic part of the cytoplasm containing dissolved proteins electrolytes
cell membraneas discrete units of life all living cells are separated from each other and from their external environment by an extremely
water is most dense and thus heavier at 4 degreese celceus at 0 degreese celceus ice forms and can float on liquid water assuming that ice were most
blastulation formation of blastula from morula is called as blastulationduring early cleavage the blastomere maintain spherical shape and mulberry
types of cleavage -depending upon the distribution amp amount of yolk cleavage is of following types -1 holoblastic equal
plane of cleavage -each cleavage of the division zygote is marked by a cleavage furrowusually the first cleavage furrow is vertical amp passes
chemical changes during cleavage -1 synthesis of dna occurs2 synthesis of rna rrna is absent mrna amp
laws of cleavage -1 sacs law - according this law during cleavage each blastomere to form similar blastomere new cleavae always take place at the
characterstics of cleavage -in cleavage involve the series of mitotic division so daughter cells are genetically similar to the parental cellthe