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a cdna library is made by using the reverse transcriptase of a retrovirus to synthesize cdna complementary dna copies of the total
a dna library is a collection of cloned dna fragments in a cloning vector which can be fined for a dna of interest if the target is to isolate
there are a broad range of various process for cloning dna into either viral or plasmid vectors but the
assume an experimental target that is to make vast amounts of a particular dna fragment in pure form from a combination of dna fragments whereas
dna cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals which happens in nature when organisms
as double-stranded dna is heated a temperature is reached at that the two reaction strands divided this procedure is called as denaturation
nucleic acid thermodynamics is the learning of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of dsdna double-stranded dna the melting
a restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme which cuts dna at particular recognition nucleotide sequences with type ii restriction
as the functions of individual genes become known the power of this new biology can be used to change organisms in predictable and desirable
together genomics proteomics and transcriptomics are influential approaches to enhancing our understanding not only of how cells function normally
we are living in an unprecedented age of biological discovery and the application of biological knowledge programmed dna sequencing delivered
unprecedental clarity has come to our understanding of genetic differences by the analysis of dna sequences it is not surprising in which the latest
most proteins made by ribosomes on the rer rough endoplasmic reticulum are glycoproteins which is they hold short chains of carbohydrates
protein glycosylation is the reaction in that a carbohydrate example for a glycosyl donor that is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional set of
a classical secretory protein vary from a cytosolic protein by having a sequence about 13-35 amino acids long at its n-terminal end called as a
the protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by that a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of
in the eukaryotes eukaryotic release factor erf-1 recognizes all three termination codons that are uga uaa and uag and with the help of protein erf-3
a the elongation level of translation in eukaryotes requires three elongation factors eef-ib eef-1a and eef-2 that have similar functions to their
the entire mechanism of protein synthesis in eukaryotes is generally the same as in prokaryotes with three phases explained as termination elongation
transcription in eukaryotes a much more complex procedure than in prokaryotes in the eukaryotes translation and transcription take place in several
a complex of elongation factor ef-g also known as translocase and gtp example for ef-ggtp binds to the
peptide bond formation is catalyzed by peptidyl transferase the carboxyl end of the amino acid bound to the trna in this reaction and in the
in this 1st step the corresponding aminoacyl-trna for the second codon binds to the a site by