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restriction of physical activities to reduce myocardial work and oxygen consumption however care should be taken to prevent deep vein thrombosis-
aortic valve replacement the initial steps of the operation have been described earlier ascending aorta is cannulated a single two-stage
the goals of treating heart failure are relief of symptoms improvement in exercise tolerance and reduction in the number of hospitalizations
over the past decade the conceptual understanding of heart failure has changed significantly several large clinical trials have demonstrated that
pulmonary edema is life-threatening condition and therefore treated as a medical emergency as is the case with chronic stable heart failure
aortic valvotomy these days aortic valvotomy even in neonates and critically ill infants is done under cardio pulmonary bypass through a median
effects of cardiogenic pulmonary edema interference with oxygen transfer in the lungs depression arterial oxygen tension sense of suffocation and
pulmonary edema occurs when movement of liquid from the blood to the interstitial space andor into the alveoli exceeds the return of liquid to the
routine blood tests like haemoglobin creatinine electrolytes are useful to plan treatment more recently the blood natriuretic peptide levels have
both global and regional systolic function are to be checked global measures include ejection fraction stroke volume end systolic volume for
sinus tachycardia is common ecg abnormalities may reflect the underlying coronary artery disease by way of pathological q-waves st-t wave
increase in cardio-thoracic ratio is a relatively specific indicator of left ventricular end-diastolic volume left atrial enlargement is seen as
the initial evaluation of new onset heart failure should include an electrocardiogram chest radiograph and b-type natriuretic peptide assay the
the patient will appear anxious and dyspnoeic patients in chronic heart failure are usually malnourished and even cachectic chronic passive venous
there is a wide spectrum of potential clinical presentations with heart failure most patients have signs and symptoms of pulmonary congestion
supra vulvar aortic stenosis supra valvar aortic stenosis in children with elfin facies mental retardation multiple peripheral pulmonary artery
systolic heart failure is a classic heart failure where the inotropic contractile state is impaired and the expulsion of blood is not adequate so the
most forms of cardiac diseases like hypertension valvular diseases and coronary artery diseases manifest as low output heart failure systemic
tunnel subvalvar stenosis this variety is less common and extends from sub aortic area for a variable length of 10-30 mms tunnel stenosis in the
when the syndrome sets in at a rapid rate before the compensatory mechanisms become operative acute heart failure develops the examples are acute
the various types and their description of heart failure are as follows left sided versus right sided heart failure predominantly left sided
there are three natriuretic peptides-atrial anp stored mainly in the atrium brain bnp stored mainly in the ventricular myocardium and c-natriuretic
congenital discrete subvalver stenosis the abstraction could be fibrous or fibro muscular it could be anywhere from just below the aortic cusps upto
acquired aortic stenosis a rheumatic in developing countries rheumatic aortic valve disease is more common than degenerative one mitral valve
the long term adaptive mechanisms involve myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling which occurs slowly over weeks to monthsthe capacity of these