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using aliasesthe select-list items fetched from a cursor related with the rowtype should have simple names or if they are expressions should have
aggregate assignmentthe rowtype declaration cannot include an initialization clause though there are two ways to assign values to all fields in a
using rowtypethe rowtype attribute gives a record type which represents a row in a table or view the record can store the whole row of data selected
using typethe type attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column in the example below the type gives the datatype of a
using not nullbesides assigning an initial value the declarations can impose the not null constraint as the example below showsacctid integer4 not
using defaultyou can use the keyword default rather than that of the assignment operator to initialize the variables for eg the declarationbloodtype
declarations in sqlyour program stores values in the variables and constants as the program executes the value of the variables can change but the
lob typesthe large object lob datatypes like bfile blob clob and nclob store the blocks of unstructured data like graphic images text video clips and
rowid and urowidinternally every database table has a rowid pseudo column that stores binary values known as rowids each rowid shows the storage
long and long rawyou use the long datatype to store the variable-length character strings the long datatype is such as the varchar2 datatype except
character typesthe character types allow you to store alphanumeric data represent words and text and manipulate the character stringscharyou use the
number typesthe number types permit you to store the numeric data real numbers integers and floating-point numbers show quantities and do
literalsa literal is an explicit numeric string character or boolean value not represented by an identifier numeric literal 147 and the boolean
identifiersyou use identifiers to name the plsql program items and units that include constants variables cursors exceptions cursor variables
error handlingthe plsql makes it easy to detect and process the predefined and user-defined error conditions known as exceptions whenever an error
information hiding with the information hiding you see only the details that are significant at a given level of algorithm and data structure
data abstractionthe data abstraction extracts the important properties of data while ignoring the not necessary details once you design a data
subprogramsthe plsql has two types of subprograms known as the procedures and functions that can take parameters and be invoked as the following
control structuresthe control structures are the most important plsql extension to the sql not only does plsql let you manipulate oracle data it lets
cursor for loopsin most cases that need an explicit cursor you can simplify the coding by using a cursor for loop rather of the open fetch and close
variables and constants in plsqlthe plsql permits you to declare constants and variables and then use them in sql and procedural statements anywhere
main features of plsqla good way to get familiar with plsql is to look at a sample program the below program processes an order for tennis rackets at
pl sql code reviewheader elementsfile nameclear meaningful and descriptive about main objective of the file multiple words are joined using
ttitle and btitle are commands in pl-sql to control report headings and footers this ttitle amp btitle are mainly used on creating sqlplus report
raiseapplicationerror - procedure of package dbmsstandard allows to issue an userdefined error messages by stored sub-program or database