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overloadingsimilar to packaged subprograms methods of the same type can be overloaded that is you can use similar name for various methods if their
parameter self in plsqlthe member methods recognize a built-in parameter named self that is an instance of the object type whether declared
methodsin normal a method is a subprogram declared in an object type specification using the keyword member or static the method cannot have similar
attributesjust similar to variable an attribute is declared with a name and datatype the name should be exclusive within the object type the datatype
components of an object typean object type encapsulates the operations and data therefore you can declare the methods and attributes in an object
role of abstraction in plsqlthe abstraction is a high-level description or model of a real-world entity the abstractions keep our daily lives
utlfilethe package utlfile permits your plsql programs to read amp write operating system os text files it gives a restricted version of the standard
dbmspipethe package dbmspipe allows various sessions to communicate over the named pipes a pipe is a region of memory used by one of the process to
dbmsoutputthe package dbmsoutput enables you to display output from the plsql subprograms and blocks that makes it easier to test and debug them the
product-specific packagesthe oracle and different oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the
package standardpackage named standard defines the plsql atmosphere the package specification globally declares the exceptions types and subprograms
package bodythe package specification is implemented by the package body that is the package body has the definition of every cursor and the
advantages of packagesthe benefits of the packages are as shown belowmodularitythe packages encapsulate logically associated items types and
recursion versus iterationdissimilar the iteration recursion is not crucial to plsql programming any problem which can be solved using recursion can
mutual recursionthe subprograms are mutually recursive if they directly or indirectly call each other in the illustration below the boolean functions
recursive subprogramsthe recursive subprogram is the one that calls itself think of a recursive call as a call to a few other subprograms that does
recursionthe recursion is a powerful method for simplify the design of the algorithms principally the recursion means the self-reference in the
overloadingthe plsql overloads the subprogram names that is you can use similar name for few different subprograms as long as their formal parameters
parameter aliasing to optimize the subprogram call the plsql compiler can decide between the two techniques of the parameter passing with the
parameter default valuesas the illustration below shows you can initialize the in parameters to the default valuesin that way you can pass various
in out modean in out parameter passes initial values to the subprogram being called and return efficient values to the caller within the subprogram
out modean out parameter returns values to the caller of a subprogram within the subprogram an out parameter act like a variable that means that you
in modean in parameter pass the values to the subprogram being called within the subprogram an in parameter acts like a constant and hence it cannot
parameter modes to define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes the 3 parameter modes in out amp in out can be used with
mixed notationthe fourth procedure call shows that you can mix the positional and named notation in this situation the first parameter uses the