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motives of regional financial institutionsthere are mixed motives for the donor countries to provide development assistance to developing nations
growth of regional financial institutionswe find many levels of groupings of nations in the international arena groups of countries that share
optimum currency areaan optimum currency area oca also known as an optimal currency region ocr is a geographical region in which it would maximize
currency unions and optimumthis section explains the working of monetary unions and common currency areas the section also examines the case for
theory of customs uniona customs union is an association of two or more countries to encourage trade the countries making such an arrangement
regional financial institutionsyou have read about regional international trading blocs in block 5 course mec 007 international trade and finance
working of ifcthe ibrd loans are available only to member-country governments or with the guarantee of member-country governments further ibrd
emulating the private sectorthe principle of corporate governance need be applied to the bw institutionsimfthe most important issue to how to reform
market-friendly reformsone main shortcoming of present development cooperation is that recipients of development cooperation is that recipients
international development associationpart of the challenge entails reorienting surveillance the process through which the bw institutions policy
changing the surveillance frameworkpart of the challenge entails reorienting surveillance the process through which the bw institutions policy
strengthening the financial instruments - rationale in era of globalisationwith this in view following suggestions can be madei finance must be
facilitating restructurings- rationale in era of globalisationthere has been some progress in the last few years in efforts to improve the
suggestionsfor the last 60 years the bretton woods institutions have played an essential role in ensuring global financial stability and fostering
domestic policy failuresi there is too much emphasis on ownership ownership of bad policies can lead to disasters so at times the fund and the
market failures even when they do not have international external effectsi self-fulfilling bank runs government debt runs currency crisesii
rationale in era of globalisationin the present era of globalisation where countries have unprecedented access to international capital flows and
achievements of bretton woods instittutionssome of the important achievements of the bw institutions can be summarised as follows1 international
special drawing rightssdrs are entitlement granted to member countries enabling them to draw from the imf apart from their quota it is similar to
financial relationship with the imfimf provides temporary assistance to member countries to tide over bop deficits when a country requires foreign
international monetary fundthe important objectives before the fund presently are as followsbull to promote international cooperationbull to
lending operations of world bankresources of the bank consist of the capital and borrowings the capital of the bank is contributed by its 184
world bankthe world bank group is a partner in opening markets and strengthening economies its goal is to improve the quality of life and expand
exchange rate systemit is interesting to look at a case study of a country like india for several reasons first it is a small country in terms of
determination of exchange rateswhen we study the determinants of exchange rates we must distinguish between long run determinants and short run