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picture clausethe picture clause explains the general characteristics of an elementary data itemthese characteristics are elaborated belowclassin
file- section ampworking-storage sectiona file sectionthe file section includes the explanation of all data items that must be read from or written
data divisionthe data division is a part of the cobol program where every data item processed by the program is describedit is very important to note
example of file-controlthe assign clause assigns a specific physical peripheral device name to a file the physical peripheral device are
file-controlthe file-control paragraph names each and every file and identifies the first medium through file control entries the basic format of a
input-output sectionthis section holds information regarding the files to be used in the program there are 2 paragraphs in this section- file-control
example of special-namesconsider the illustration let the special-names paragraph be as shownspecial-names channel 1 is page-topthe channel is
special-namesthis paragraph is used to associate some hardware names to the user-specified mnemonic names this paragraph is elective in all compilers
object-computer - configuration sectionthe computer name specifies a specific computer on which the object program is to be executedthe memory size
configuration sectionthis section holds an overall specification of the computer used for the purpose of the compilation and execution of the program
environment divisionthe environment division is the second division in the cobol source program it is mainly machine-dependent the computer and all
identification divisionthe identification division is the first division of each and every cobol source program the paragraph program-id is necessary
figurative constantsthe figurative constants have several fixed names and the compiler recognizes these names and it sets up the equivalent values in
non numericthe nonnumeric literal is used in normal to output messages or headings the characters which are enclosed between constitute nonnumeric
numeric - literalsthe numeric literal can be created with the help of digits only it can have a sign or - and can also have a decimal point
literalsthe actual values can too appear in a program these values are termed as literals for illustration the statement move 0 to total indicates
data names and identifiers the data name provides reference to the storage space in the memory where the real value is stored this value takes
valid and invalid word - cobol wordsvalid word invalid word amp
cobol wordsthe cobol word can be formed by using the characters as shown below0-9a-z a-z - hyphenthe rules below should be hold in forming the
character setto study any language first one should know the alphabets of the language and they are termed as character set in general there are 50
structure of a cobol programevery cobol program should have the 4 divisions in the order in which they are specified below1 identification division2
column and field in cobol programin cobol there are 2 types of entries termed as margin a and margin b entries the margin a entries start from the
format for cobol programsthe cobol is a high-level language therefore a cobol program can be executed on a computer for which a cobol compiler exists
introduction to cobolin the year 1959 a new language named the cobol common business oriented language was introduced remembering the business
evaluate is like a case statement amp evaluate stamenet can be used to replace nested ifs the difference bw evaluate and case is that there is no