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the simple sort verbthe process of sequencing the records in some preferred manner is termed as sorting the sorting is done upon some key data item
file volatilityfile volatility associates to the number of times the updating of records are needed during some time periodfile interrogationsome
file activitythe file activity is a measure of the proportion of records processed during an update runtherefore we define the activity ration as
selection of file organizationwhile designing a file the programmer should select an appropriate association for a file the order in which the choice
direct organizationbesides the relative or indexed organization also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct
declarative and file status clausethe input-output exception condition in the situation of a direct access files can be handled by a declarative
file description for the relative and indexed filesthe fd entry for a relative or an indexed file is similar to that of a sequential file some
start statementthe start statement places the files to the initial logical record whose record key satisfies the condition specified by the key
delete statementthe file should be opened in the i-o mode if the access is sequential the invalidkey phrase must be specified rather than the last
rewrite statementas in the situation of a relative file the rewrite statement needs that the file should be opened in the i-o mode and if the
write statementthe records are written to be logical place as determined from the value of the record key the invalid key condition occurs in the
procedure division statements for the indexed filesall the statements which are available for a relative file are also available for an indexed
indexed sequential filesin the indexed sequential files which are also known as indexed files the records are stored in the sequence order generally
delete statementthe format of the delete statement is as shown belowdelete file-name record invalid key
rewrite statementthe rewrite statement has the format for a relative file as shown belowrewrite record-name form identifier
write statement the write statement for a relative file has the format which is as shown below
rules of read statementsthe next record is identified according to the rules as shown belowi whenever the read next statement is the initial
common form of the read statementsformat 1 is the common form of the read statementsformat 2 is used when the access mode is either random or dynamic
read statementsthe common format for the read statements is as shown bellowformat 1read file-name record into identifier
procedure division statements for the relative filesthe statements open close read write and rewrite that are available for sequential files are also
relative filesthe files that are stored on a direct access storage medium like magnetic disk are frequently known as direct access files the cobol
record description for the variable-length recordswhen the variable- length records consists of records of various lengths each record type is to be
sequential files with the variable-length recordsthe magnetic - tape or disk files can hold variable-length records in this situation the file can
rewrite statementthe rewrite statement is used to update the existing record in a disk filethe normal format is as shown belowrewrie
write statementthe write statement for tape and sequential-disk files has the syntax shown belowwrite