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q how to design shape of guide bundsalignment of guide bunds converging on the upstream was considered by bell spring and gales to allow for the
q constriction of waterway at bridgesconstriction of waterway at bridges is effected by extending the approach banks to cover spill area or in
q how to set location of the bridgea bridge is normally located where the river section has minimum width so that the structure becomes shorter and
q what do you know about shallow piersin case of some of the existing bridges piers may be shallow and grip may be found to be inadequate protection
q briefly explain about artificial cut offsalignment of a cut off is chosen so that approach and exit ends remain more or less tangential to the
q how can you design side slope of bankangle of bank should be flatter than angle of repose of pitching material angle of repose of sand is 21 while
q how to design marginal embankmentsdesign aspects of marginal embankments are similar to those of approach banks the aspects needing special
q how to design bankswhen approach banks are of medium height upto 3 m the material may be homogeneous for bigger heights zoned section with
q can you explain permeable spursa permeable spur may be constructed by driving two or more rows of bally piles with sufficient penetration below
q what do you mean by laying of apron in design of bridgewidth of apron laid on river bed should be 15 d1 where d1 is estimated scour depth in metres
q can you explain curved heads in case of rivers carrying high discharges of the order of 28300 m3 is and above gales recommendations are more
q what do you mean by guide bundsguide bund may be given an elliptical shape separation of flow can be avoided better with such an alignment
q explain the design of waterwaywhen the river flows between high banks and the whole width is actively functioning during high floods the bridge
q estimation of design flood dischargethese methods are also in vogue for estimating maximum discharge discharge estimated using the above three
q how to determine the frequency of floodflood frequency may be estimated preferably from flood records if available for a number of years or they
q explain the design discharge for bridge waterwaydesign discharge for bridge waterway should be a flood of 50 year frequency for very large bridges
asolid circular shaft of 25 cm diameter is to be replaced by a hollow shaft the ratio of external to internal diameters being 2to1find the size of
q what do you mean by geotextile filtergeosynthetics is a collective term applied to thin flexible sheets incorporated in or about soil to enhance
q explain the design of graded filteruse of graded filter has been traditionally used below the revetment and protection works the material used in
q show the filter below the revetmenta filter placed between the revetment protection works at the surface and the soil bed below the revetment
q illustrate concept of filter designthe material used for filter should satisfy the following normal criteriaa filter material is more pervious than
q what do you understand by percolation of waterpercolation of water into the ground or embankment takes place causing rise in water table and or
qwhat hydrographic data required for design of bridgei design discharge for bridge waterway and foundation with corresponding high flood levels
q design features of major bridgeimportant design features of major bridge projects should be tested and finalised by hydraulic model studies bridge