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joints in box culverts and channels - necessity of water tightness the joints for box culverts and channels must be capable of accommodating
q show the functions of wet wellswetwells are designed to store provisionallysewagewater before it is pumped out they are generally provided for
q full bore flow in drainage designin the design of gravity drainage pipes full bore flow capacity is usually adopted to check against design runoff
q show the functions of hydraulic jumpthe usage of hydraulic jump in hydraulic engineering isnt uncommon and creation of such jumps has numerous
q effects of sewer sediment on hydraulic performancethe presence of sediment in sewers has contrary effects on the hydraulic performance of sewers in
q design the drainage pipes system in reclamation areasin reclamation areas drainage pipes are generally laid at flatter gradients when compared with
q difference between road gullies and catch pitsboth road gullies and catchpits are the two fundamental types of drainage inlets of drainage system
q colebrook white formula suitable for shallow gradient of pipes mannings equation is commonly used for rough turbulent flow while colebrook-white
q explain about best hydraulic sectionthe best hydraulic section of an open channel is considered by provision of maximum discharge with a given
q application of embankment condition for drainage designin considering loads on buried pipeline there are generally two scenarios narrow trench
q vibration in structures - resilient bearingswhen railway tunnels are built close to buildings ground-borne vibration is transmitted to
tension reinforcement leads to increasing deflection in concrete structures in bs8110 a modification factor is applied to depth ratio to take
q explain tension and compression anchorage lengthtension anchorage length vs compression anchorage length tension anchorage length of steel
q time to remove formwork to cater for early thermal movementlets take a circular column as an illustration to explain effect of internal restraint
sealing moving cracks and non-moving cracks in developing a suitable method to seal up cracks detected on concrete surface its of paramount
in some nations such as britain specification for concrete doesntusually require cube tests for standard mixes of concrete quality control of
retardation of fresh concrete has numerous benefits as belowi a rapid hydration process leads to loss in concrete strength since concrete will
q reasons for blockage in pumping concrete concrete pumping is normally adopted in highly elevated locations for which access for concrete trucks is
reinforcement of concrete in contact with internal vibrators at the time of concreting if internal vibrators are placed accidentally in contact
q calculation of crack widths arising from thermal movementin the calculation of thermal movement the below formula is used in most codeswmaxs x a x
q purpose of setting minimum amount of longitudinal steel areas for columnsin some design codes it specifies that area of longitudinal steel
q show the differences between ggbs and pfathe use of ggbs as substitute of cement improves smaller reliance on pfa particularly ggbs is supposed to
q use of pfa and ggbsboth pfa and ggbs are by-products of industry and use of them is ecologically friendly most significantly with pfa and gbs
q pulverized fly ash as cement replacementpulverized fly ash is a type of pozzolans it is analuminous or siliceous material that possesses no binding
q what is over vibration of fresh concretefor proper compaction of concrete by immersion vibrators vibrating part of the vibrators must be completely