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absence of vesicular glandsin some bulls the vesicular glands are either absent or hypoplastic also sometimes accompanied by poorly developed
blockage of ductsin some bulls there is a blockage of the transport of sperm through the epidydimis usually caused by a congenital non-patency of
aplasia of epidydimisthis condition is seen in only 1 or 2 of young bulls and is marked by absence of one more common or both epididymis bulls
congenital impotentia genarandisome bulls which are otherwise normal and healthy produce semen containing spermatozoa with specific morphological
testicular hypoplasiahypoplasia refers to testicular disorders related to congenitally underdeveloped and underactive spermatic epithelium of one or
congenital disorderspoor fertilizing quality of semen could be due to impaired spermatogenesis when such a condition is due to genetic congenital
male reproductive disordersgenerally about 5-10 of cattle bulls reaching sexual maturity would be suffering from poor reproductive efficiency or
dystociadystocia or difficult calving is a condition where help is required as providing traction repositioning of fetus foetotomy or caesarotomy
retained foetal membranesthe foetal membranes are normally expelled within 6to 12 hr after parturition in cows and buffaloes if the foetal membranes
hydrops amnii hydramnioshydramnios is a rare condition excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid can be the result of foetal dysgenesis and agenesis
hydrops allantois hydro allantoisthis condition is uncommonly seen in dairy cattle and buffaloes accumulation of excessive allantoic fluid may be
foetal maceration and mummificationfoetal mummification occurs when the foetus dies in the uterus in the absence of air and bacterial contamination
uterine torsionincidences of uterine torsions in cattle and buffaloes are not common however they are very common in heavy breeds and buffaloes and
complication during gestationmany complications like uterine torsion vaginal prolapse mummification foetal maceration hydra allantois hydro amnios
abortionsabortion in dairy cattle is commonly defined as a loss of the foetus between the age of 42 days and approximately 260 days buffaloes 300
early embryonic mortalityembryo mortality is a serious problem for farmers practitioners and researchers the establishment and maintenance of
uterine infectionsuterine bacterial contamination compromises uterine functions initially the uterus is contaminated with a wide range of bacteria
post-partum anoestrusreproductive efficiency among animals greatly depends upon detection of estrus this is even more important in reference to small
reproductive tract infectionsthe major cause of reproductive tract infections are improper dry cow nutrition contamination at calving due to
heifersas efficient reproductive performance is essential for economic livestock production the female calves must grow rapidly to attain sexual
reproductive health disorders to dairy livestock accounts to a loss of about rs 30000- 50000 crore annually to the nation better herd management can
feeding managementfeeding management deals about the in-house management in which the feed consumption pattern is well understood in the sheds and
biological evaluationa small livestock unit if attached with a mill will be of immense help since inspite analyzing for various mycotoxins still we
evaluation of feedstuffin the feed manufacturing process evaluation of the feed ingredients is very important in achieving consistent quality
explain why the traditional classification of unicellular eukaryotes as protozoa or protists is invalid in terms of modern systematics and