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brucellosisbrucellosis among cattle buffaloes sheep goats pigs produces heavy economic losses due to abortions in late pregnancy infertility and
actinomycesmembers of the genus actinomyces are facultative anerobic gram-positive non acid-fast non-spore forming nonhaemolytic rods all actinomyces
actinobacillosissynonym wooden tongue causative organism actinobacillus
anthraxsynonym wool sorterrsquos diseasespecies affected
fungithe study of fungi s fungus is called mycology fungi are unicellular or multicellular chemoheterotrophic eukaryotes they may be grouped into
defence mechanisms of the hostthe healthy animal is protected from pathogenic organisms present in the environment by virtue of the effective immune
pathogenic bacteriaheterotrophic bacteria could be divided into saprophytes and parasites saprophytes normally do not cause any disease and they
bacteriathe study of bacteria is called bacteriology bacteria are unicellular organisms and possess a distinct cell wall they are included in kingdom
bacterial and mycotic diseasesbacteria and fungi are microscopic organisms which are ubiquitous in nature and are widely present in soil fresh and
disorders associated with copulation and ejaculationlack of libido refers to too long ldquoreaction timerdquo to complete absence of sexual desire
male reproductive disorders due to infectionssepticemic infections have a greater affinity for vesicular glands than other regions of the
cryptorchidismcryptorchidism or incomplete descent of testis or retention of testis in the abdominal cavity occurs in all domestic species but is
defective extra-preputial protrusion of the penisthis defect is a result of hypoplasia or a defective penile erection due to a congenital mucosal
preputial prolapsethis deformity is seen in some of the tropical zebu breeds but is not uncommon in european breeds initially it begins as a
absence of vesicular glandsin some bulls the vesicular glands are either absent or hypoplastic also sometimes accompanied by poorly developed
blockage of ductsin some bulls there is a blockage of the transport of sperm through the epidydimis usually caused by a congenital non-patency of
aplasia of epidydimisthis condition is seen in only 1 or 2 of young bulls and is marked by absence of one more common or both epididymis bulls
congenital impotentia genarandisome bulls which are otherwise normal and healthy produce semen containing spermatozoa with specific morphological
testicular hypoplasiahypoplasia refers to testicular disorders related to congenitally underdeveloped and underactive spermatic epithelium of one or
congenital disorderspoor fertilizing quality of semen could be due to impaired spermatogenesis when such a condition is due to genetic congenital
male reproductive disordersgenerally about 5-10 of cattle bulls reaching sexual maturity would be suffering from poor reproductive efficiency or
dystociadystocia or difficult calving is a condition where help is required as providing traction repositioning of fetus foetotomy or caesarotomy
retained foetal membranesthe foetal membranes are normally expelled within 6to 12 hr after parturition in cows and buffaloes if the foetal membranes
hydrops amnii hydramnioshydramnios is a rare condition excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid can be the result of foetal dysgenesis and agenesis
hydrops allantois hydro allantoisthis condition is uncommonly seen in dairy cattle and buffaloes accumulation of excessive allantoic fluid may be