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safety ethical and welfare considerationsdevelopment of transgenic organisms is proceeding in an environment of intense public debate about safety
japanese encephalitisthe japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-born flavivirus infection that causes encephalitis in human and equines and abortion in
xenotransplantationover the past 20 years transplantation of heart and kidney has become almost a routine in human but the availability of donors is
equine viral arteritisequine viral arteritis eva is a highly contagious disease of equines and is caused by equine arteritis virus eav a rna virus
modification of performance traitsmodifications to livestock that could influence traits such as growth rate feed efficiency and meat quality are
horse-poxhorse pox is a benign disease characterized by the typical pox lesions on the lower limbs or around the muzzle and buccal mucosa this is a
animal disease modelthe second area of transgenic application in agriculture is to develop lines of animals resistant to some specific damaging
animal pharmingusing animals as bioreactors is also cost-effective and advantageous because animals naturally carry the cellular mechanisms needed to
equine herpes virus infections equine rhinopneumonitis abortionsequine herpes virus infections in horses and foal are caused by alphaherpes virus of
equine influenzaequine influenza is a highly contagious epizootic disease which affects equines of all age groups and is caused by influenza virus
applications of transgenic animalscurrent applications of gene transfer in farm animals include the improvement of product quality and quantity
equine infectious anaemiaequine infectious anemia eia an acute or chronic viral disease of the equines shows intermittent fever loss of weight
gene targeting in somatic cells since the pioneering work with sheep at roslin cloning by nuclear transfer has now been exemplified in a number of
african horse sicknessafrican horse sickness ahs is a highly fatal insect born viral disease of equidae caused by an orbivirus family reoviridae and
gene targeting in es cells in some of the livestock species pro-nuclear injection cannot be used to modify the animals own genes due to various
gene targeting there is always a debate on gene integration in to the host animalit is random gene integration vs gene targeting perhaps most
nuclear transfer method nuclear transfer will extend the range of species in which gene targeting will be possible and thereby provide better models
borna diseaseborna disease is fatal neurological disease of horses and sheep caused by a virus rna of the family bornaviridae and the disease is
embryonic stem cells es these are pleuripotent cells of early embryo blastocyst capable of giving rise to all differentiated cells including germ
microinjection method in another approach fertilised eggs are microinjected by dna microinjection requires excess of fertilized eggs gene transfer by
retroviral method a retrovirus is a virus that carries its genetic material in the form of rna rather than dna in this method retroviruses are used
methods of gene transferthe technology employed for introduction of transgenes into a livestock population may produce consequences specific to the
insulatorsnumerous experiments showed that a transgene is generally poorly expressed when it contains a cdna rather than the corresponding genomic
promotersthe promoter region contains the dna sequences that allow the formation of the transcription initiation complex that give the specificity of
design of expression vectorsexpressing a transgene in an appropriate manner is a huge task the gene construct that is quite active in transfected