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excretion in flatworm -main organs are flame cells having bundle of cilliait receives solute and water from surrounding tissue fluid by ultra
excretion in amoeba -nh3 is excreted out through plasmalemmaosmoregulation takes place by contractile vacoule generally one towards posterior end
excretory organsin protozoa through plasmalemma by diffusion contractile vacuole present for osmoregulation absent in parasitic and marine protozoain
excretion in animalto give out nitrogenous waste products after oxidation of food is excretionexcretory materials -1 ammonia
circulatory system in cockroachtype is open or lacunar ie bv absent organs are dipped in haemolymph1 haemolymph -blood and lymph
thymus glandflat bilobed gland located in the mediastinal space in front of heartwell developed in new born child and grows upto puberty but starts
portal circulationwhen a vein branches into set of capillary to distribute blood in some parts such venous circulation is called portal system three
venous systemit is collecting system formed by the uniting branches as smaller and then larger veins and venacava leading to the heartblood from
arterial system of mammalbasic plan from origin to distribution is similar in all vertebrates as per the mode of respirationmain anterior aorta in
blood pressureis the result of the sum of i osmotic colloidal pressure of blood
defects of heart1 blue baby syndrome cyanosis - due to persisting foramen ovalis in atrial septum even after birth the impure
blood clotting -it is a natures device to check the excessive loss of blood from an injurybleeding time is 1-3 minutes clotting time is 2-6
blood groups-in rbc on plasmalemma antigen or agglutinogen present form antibodies or agglutininesblood groups are based on
heart outputthe amount of blood pumped by heart per minute heart beat is 72pump out blood is 70 ml this 72 times 70 5040 ml 5 litres blood is
pulsepulse frequency and heart rate are identical ie 72it can be felt in superficial arteries as in wrist radial artery thumb and ulner artery of
cultured plant cellscultured plant cells are recognized to give biochemicals of interest since 1950s but starting the yields were very low refined
biochemical productionplants are the foundation of a large variety of biochemical which are metabolites of both secondary and primary metabolism but
bacteriophage vectorsbacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria mainly phage lyses the bacterial cells they infect lytic phages but many others
bi-and poly-functional enzymesthese enzymes are generated by genes obtained by fusion of the coding regions of two or more genes encoding various
augmentation therapythe functional gene is introduced in addition to the defective gene endogeneous to the cells in this somatic cell gene therapy
artificial skinthe skin generated in vitro is in fact the epidermis portion of skin only when the epidermis is applied to the burnt part this leads
antibody structurean antibody molecule consist of two alike light chains 220 amino acids each ad two similar heavy chains
animal tissue culturethe term tissue culture refers to the culture of all organs tissue fragments and dispersed cells on a suitable nutrient medium
animal cloningwhen entire animals are obtained from somatic cells of an animal it is known as animal cloning cloning is usual in plants but in case
cell culture products animal cell cultures are used to generate virus vaccines as well as different kind of useful biochemical which are mainly