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history -protoplasm was first seen by corti 1772f dujardin called it sarcode amp observed it in animal cellterm protoplasm was given by je purkinje
protoplasmalso known as bioplastit is gelly like amp semi liquid in appearanceit is translucent in natureit is colourless oderless viscous elastic
races of modern manaustraloidsnegroidscaucasoidsmonogoloidsamerican indianpolynesianall human races have the same number of chromosomes 46 and
periods of cultural evouition and modern man -paleolithic period stone age age of tools of stones and bones cave paintingsmesolithic period age of
homo sapiens sapiens modern man -developed from cro-magnon about 10000 years ago after last glacial period in the regions of caspian
homo sapiens fossilis cro-magnon man -fossils found from cro-magnon france by mac gregor 1868replaced neanderthal man about 35000 years agosharp nose
homo sapiens neanderthalensis neanderthal man -fossil discovered by c fuhlrott 1856 from neander htat valley of germanythis resembled modem man
chromosomes and molecular homology -the dna content of diploid cells is similarhoyer et al in 1965 showed that dna of humans was 100 similar with
similarities between apes and man -absence of tailbroadened chest due to flattening of sternumsmaller lumber region due to reduced number of lumbar
evolutionary changes that occurred in humans are -development of prominent chin increase in cranial capacity reduction of brow-ridgesdevelopment of
characteristics of man -humans posses erect posture and bipedal locomotionhumans possess large sized brainhumans are less dependent on smellhumans
evolution of man -mammals evolved from primitive reptiles therapsida in triassic period about 210 million years agomammals existed as inconspicuous
species concept -according to davis and heywood species define as assemblage of individuals with morphological features in common and separable from
speciation -origin of new species an isolated population of a species independently develops different types of mutationsthe later accumulate in its
reproductive isolation -according to the biological species concept members of one species are reproductively isolated from members of all other
difference between artificial selection and natural selection -snoartificial selectionnatural selection1it is an artificial processit is a natural
artificial selection -man selects the individuals having the desired traits and separates them from those which do not possess such charactersthe
causes of variation -effect of environmental conditionschange in the gene pattern like -a random distribution of homologous genes in meiosisb
types of variations -somatogenic and blastogenic variationchanges in somatic parts of the body are somatic variations eg wrestlers muscle circumcised
variations -defined as dissimilarities of features among members of the same speciesoffsprings of same parent are different and also differ from
hardy - weinberg law -proposed by gh hardy and w weinberg in 1908 independentlythe law states the frequency of genes or alleles in a population
population genetics and evolution-population is the number of all individual of same species in a defined area at a particular time as per modem
neo darwinism or synthetic theory of evolution -it is the synthesis of the ideas of neo darwinians as a new theory of evolution based upon recent
evidence in favour of the mutation thoery -mutation theory can explain both progressive and retrogressive evolution and the occurrence of both
criticism of darwinism -arrival of the fittest darwinism explains the survival of the fittest but was unable to account for the arrival of the