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races of modern manaustraloidsnegroidscaucasoidsmonogoloidsamerican indianpolynesianall human races have the same number of chromosomes 46 and
periods of cultural evouition and modern man -paleolithic period stone age age of tools of stones and bones cave paintingsmesolithic period age of
homo sapiens sapiens modern man -developed from cro-magnon about 10000 years ago after last glacial period in the regions of caspian
homo sapiens fossilis cro-magnon man -fossils found from cro-magnon france by mac gregor 1868replaced neanderthal man about 35000 years agosharp nose
homo sapiens neanderthalensis neanderthal man -fossil discovered by c fuhlrott 1856 from neander htat valley of germanythis resembled modem man
chromosomes and molecular homology -the dna content of diploid cells is similarhoyer et al in 1965 showed that dna of humans was 100 similar with
similarities between apes and man -absence of tailbroadened chest due to flattening of sternumsmaller lumber region due to reduced number of lumbar
evolutionary changes that occurred in humans are -development of prominent chin increase in cranial capacity reduction of brow-ridgesdevelopment of
characteristics of man -humans posses erect posture and bipedal locomotionhumans possess large sized brainhumans are less dependent on smellhumans
evolution of man -mammals evolved from primitive reptiles therapsida in triassic period about 210 million years agomammals existed as inconspicuous
species concept -according to davis and heywood species define as assemblage of individuals with morphological features in common and separable from
speciation -origin of new species an isolated population of a species independently develops different types of mutationsthe later accumulate in its
reproductive isolation -according to the biological species concept members of one species are reproductively isolated from members of all other
difference between artificial selection and natural selection -snoartificial selectionnatural selection1it is an artificial processit is a natural
artificial selection -man selects the individuals having the desired traits and separates them from those which do not possess such charactersthe
causes of variation -effect of environmental conditionschange in the gene pattern like -a random distribution of homologous genes in meiosisb
types of variations -somatogenic and blastogenic variationchanges in somatic parts of the body are somatic variations eg wrestlers muscle circumcised
variations -defined as dissimilarities of features among members of the same speciesoffsprings of same parent are different and also differ from
hardy - weinberg law -proposed by gh hardy and w weinberg in 1908 independentlythe law states the frequency of genes or alleles in a population
population genetics and evolution-population is the number of all individual of same species in a defined area at a particular time as per modem
neo darwinism or synthetic theory of evolution -it is the synthesis of the ideas of neo darwinians as a new theory of evolution based upon recent
evidence in favour of the mutation thoery -mutation theory can explain both progressive and retrogressive evolution and the occurrence of both
criticism of darwinism -arrival of the fittest darwinism explains the survival of the fittest but was unable to account for the arrival of the
examples of natural selection -1 industrial melanism -first studied by fischer amp ford 1845 on pepperd moth biston betularia
theory of pangenesis -to make up the weakness of inheritance darwin in this theory assumed the existence of pangenes gem mules as small units