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organic compounds -they are substances having both carbon and hydrogen which are commonly biological in originorganic compounds can be micromolecules
gasesthere are 4 gases in the protoplasm which remain dissolved in its free waterthese 4 gases are follows-
wateroccurencewater is the most abundant substance covering 70 of earths surfaceit constitutes 60-90 of living cells
fluorideit is mostly available in drinking waterfluoride is essential for the formation of enamel of the teethdeficiency of fluoride causes weakness
iodinethe element is available is drinking water vegetables and fishtable salts are also compulsorily iodized to provide iodine in the dietall sea
sodiumthe element is available in table salta proper balance of sodium and potassium is essentialits absorption is under control of aldasteronethe
magnesium - it is available in most of the plants especially vegetablesby its deficiency diarrhoea is causedits important functions are
sulphurthe major sources of sulphur are crucifers and animal proteinsproteins present in pulses have little sulphur therefore other vegetable
copperit is a trace element which is available in most of the fruitsmaximum in heart brain kidney amp crustaceansby its deficiency monkins disease is
ironit is present in bread potatoes green vegetables especially spinach lettuce cocoa raisins red meat liver kidney egg yolk etciron is also
phosphorusit is present in vegetables grains oat metal wheat meal milk eggs cheese meat fish etcit helps in -a like calcium it is a constituent of
calciumit is the most abundant mineral of animal bodycalcium is available in all types of vegetables grain milk cheese eggs fish and butterby its
inorganic substancesthey are small simple low molecular weight substances which are made of elements other than carbon and hydrogen combined
cytochemistry of protoplasm -it is supper mixture or mixture of mixtures34 elements present in it13 elements are universal eg c h o n p k s cl na ca
physical properties of protoplasm -1 phase reversal - due to difference in temperature outer part is gel and inner part of
history -protoplasm was first seen by corti 1772f dujardin called it sarcode amp observed it in animal cellterm protoplasm was given by je purkinje
protoplasmalso known as bioplastit is gelly like amp semi liquid in appearanceit is translucent in natureit is colourless oderless viscous elastic
races of modern manaustraloidsnegroidscaucasoidsmonogoloidsamerican indianpolynesianall human races have the same number of chromosomes 46 and
periods of cultural evouition and modern man -paleolithic period stone age age of tools of stones and bones cave paintingsmesolithic period age of
homo sapiens sapiens modern man -developed from cro-magnon about 10000 years ago after last glacial period in the regions of caspian
homo sapiens fossilis cro-magnon man -fossils found from cro-magnon france by mac gregor 1868replaced neanderthal man about 35000 years agosharp nose
homo sapiens neanderthalensis neanderthal man -fossil discovered by c fuhlrott 1856 from neander htat valley of germanythis resembled modem man
chromosomes and molecular homology -the dna content of diploid cells is similarhoyer et al in 1965 showed that dna of humans was 100 similar with
similarities between apes and man -absence of tailbroadened chest due to flattening of sternumsmaller lumber region due to reduced number of lumbar
evolutionary changes that occurred in humans are -development of prominent chin increase in cranial capacity reduction of brow-ridgesdevelopment of