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hypothermia as the blood passes through the oxygenator hypothermia machine allows the blood to cool to the required temperature generally the
heparinisationblood when allowed to flow out from body to the circuit tubings can get clotted to prevent this heparinisation is done patient
hemoconcentrationbefore during and after cpb hemoconcentration allows the patients blood to be salvaged during surgery to help reduce the need
principles of cardiopulmonary bypass mechanism cpbwhat is cpb it is a technique by which the mechanical function of the heart and respiratory
advantagesdurability of these vales are long lasting disadvantagesneed for anticoagulant therapy is life long risk of thrombo-embolism is
mechanical valvesthey are made of a combination of metal alloys pyrolite carbon and dacrontypes of mechanical valvescaged-ball valve star-edwards
advantages of tissue valves need for anticoagulation therapy is only for a short duration in xenograft and only there is rare need for
valve replacementreplacement of the diseased valve is done this is done biologic tissue valves or mechanical valves three types of biologic tissue
open heart surgerythese surgeries are done under alternative arrangements to continue oxygenated systemic blood supply while the heart is operated
closed heart surgeryblind operations and access is obtained into the heart through incision on the ventricular or atrial wallcommonest closed
pathophysiology large haemorrhages and fibrinous lesions vegetate along the inflaked edges of valves the lesions develop on adjacent valve
valvular heart diseasesnormal heart valves function to maintain a uni-directional flow of blood through cardiac chambers two basic problems that
preventive measureprimary preventionearly detection and treatment of group a b-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis penicillin is the commonly
nursing interventionsprimary goals in acute rheumatic fever are control and eradication of the infecting organism prevent cardiac
assessment1 assess the past and present history of illness sore throat rheumatic fever and treatment received previously 2 family history of
nursing managementthe overall goals are that patient with rh fever will resume daily activities without joint pain reduce the risk of residual
diagnosis history and physical examination johns criteria echocardiogram show valvular insufficiency chest x-ray
pathphysiologystreptococcal upper respiratory infection leads to production of antibodies an abnormal immunological response to the upper
rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseasesrheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease of the heart potentially involving all layers of the heart
nursing processnursing assessmenthealth history-past-valvular congenital or syphilitic cardiac diseasecardiac surgeryhabits-iv drug abuseassess the
therapeutic accurate identification of the infecting organism is the key to successful treatment antibiotics as per the sensitivity study in
diagnosishealth history - any recent surgerydental procedures history of heart disease recent infectious diseases etcclinical
clinical manifestationsi evidence of systemic infection fever chills rigor night sweat loss of weight arthralgia arthritis backache muscle
pathophysiologyinfective endocarditis occurs when turbulence within the heart allows causative organism to infect previously damaged valves or
infective endocarditis it is an infection of the endocardial surface with micro organisms present in the lesion the endocardium is contagions with