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coelomoducts in polyplacophorain polyplacophora the coelomoducts divide in the region of coelomostome and the gonadal cavities become closed off from
coelomoducts of molluscs in molluscs like in crustacea nephridia are absent but certain of the larval pulmonates do possess protonephridia suggesting
malpighian tubules other arthropods like insects and myriapods and arachnids have malpighian tubules the outgrowths of alimentary canal like
coxal glandsthere is a pair of coxal glands in almost all the segments in onychophora peripatus developmentally in every segment a hollow follicle or
protonephridia and metanephridia nephridia take place in two major forms - the protonephridium and metanephridium protonephridia are found in flat
excretion in non-chordatesexcretion as described under introduction of this unit refers to removal of the waste products of metabolism - carbon
crustacea - feeding and digestion in arthropodsbranchiopods anacostraca give a good instance for filter feeding mechanism the appendages are of
cephalopods - feeding and digestion in molluscscephalopods are carnivorous tentacles or arms are food capturing organs the number of tentacles
gastropods - feeding and digestion in molluscsin several gastropods the digestion is extracellular though some herbivore gastropods like crepidula
hirudinea - feeding and digestion in annelidshirudinea involves free living and ectoparasitic leeches leeches are blood suckers the digestive system
polychaetes - feeding and digestion in annelidspolychaetes involve both free moving errant and sedentary species the free moving species are usually
oligochaetes - feeding and digestion in annelidsin between annelids the oligochaetes which comprise mostly earthworms feed on dead decomposing
osmoregulation in animalsosmoregulation associates to the regulation of water and ionic content of the body of non-chordate metazoans these might be
excretion in animalsexcretion is concerned along with the removal of metabolic wastes that arise as a result of oxidation of energy rich compounds
locomotion in echinodermata locomotion in echinoderms is accomplished through a unique canalicular system which is termed as the water-vascular
foot as burrowing organ the scaphopoda that usually have burrowing habit possess foot suitably modified for burrowing purpose the conical and
locomotion in mollusca the major locomotor organ in mollusca is the foot which is a characteristic feature of these animals in its simplest form the
locomotion in arthropoda the arthropods are characterized by the existence of some special features which can be considered key to their success
burrowing - mechanics of locomotionsome polychaetes are burrowing instance is glycerides and capitellidae their parapodia are smaller burrowing is
rapid crawling and swimmingrapid crawlingthis movement depends upon mainly on the contralateral waves of contraction of the longitudinal muscles of
slow walking or crawling this type of locomotion is seen while the animal moves on the substratum it involves a metachronal rhythm of action in the
mechanics of locomotion among annelids polychaetes hence more primitive than the other two groups show a more complex mode of locomotion necessarily
locomotory structures annelids possess three kinds of locomotory structures namely parapodia setae and suckers parapodia are segmentally arranged
hydrostatic skeleton the functioning of the hydrostatic skeleton in an animal depends upon the musculature being arranged around an enclosed volume
body musculature - locomotionthe layout of the muscle layers surrounding the coelom is necessarily the same in all the major classes of annelida the