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the cytosolic surface of the erythrocyte plasma membrane is covered through a network of peripheral
the peripheral membrane proteins are less strongly bound to the lipid bilayer than integral membrane proteins and can be
since erythrocytes red blood cells do not hold any sub cellular organelles they are essentially a membranous sac for carrying
membrane proteins are classify as either integral intrinsic or peripheral extrinsic depending on how tightly they are linked with membrane the
the carbohydrate sets are covalently attached to various variant proteins to form glycoproteins carbohydrates are a shorter percentage of the weight
the cell membrane is a slim semi-permeable membrane which surroundings the cytoplasm of a cell membrane function is to defend the integrity of the
while describing normalising selection it was said that in uniform environments selection limits the variability of populations and evolves a genetic
directional or progressive selection is the mode of selection associated with environmental change we said earlier that in an unchanging environment
theodosius dobzhansky and boris spassky demonstrated the working of normalising selectioion a behavioural trait in two populations of drosophida
an interesting observation made by an american biologist hc bumpus 1899 provides a good explanation for normalising selection bumpus collected some
in the absence of any large scale envirorrmental change that is in more or less uniform environments populations often maintain a stable genetic
while discussing the darwinian premise of natural selection we observed that the term selection is synonymous with non-random reproduction and that
sickle cell anaemia in man is caused by a defective chain of haemoglobin the abnormal haemoglobin known as mbs differs from natural haemoglobin hha
in the previous sub-section we discussed the possible ways by which variabiliti can be generated we shall now examine one instance that illustrates
mutations are the only kind of variability generating mechanism in prokaryotes and asexually reproducing organisms but in eukaryotes where sexual
each gene has a characteristic mutation rate mutation rates are often described as an average per gene basis for instance drosophila has one
the original dna sequence when transcribed and translated would yield five successive valine residues but the altered sequence would correspondingly
gene or point mutations occur when the dna sequence of a gene is altered and the new nucleotide sequence is passed on to the offspring this occurs
aneuploidy one or inore chronosomes of a normal set nlay bc lacking or present in excess the term riullisony refers to absence of both the
mutations and genetic recombination in sexually reproducing organisms are major sources of variations in natural populations in this section we will
in the preceding section we emphasised the fact that cvolution or the continuous adaptations to the environment can take place only when pheiiotypes
natural selection can therefore mean differential reproduction among members of the sarne gene pool we earlier said that selection would promote
assuming that variability of populations were non-genetic that is not controlled by genetic material once again chance events alone would determine
variability refers to the differences in heritable traits exhibited by the individuals of a species one of the major contributions of darwin to the
organisms are made to compete for their needs from the environment the competition as we pointed earlier could be for the food and territory to