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nervous system of echinodermsprevious to studying the nervous system of echinoderms you have to bear in mind the peculiar organization of these
primitive nervous system - nerve neta nervous system creates its appearance for the first time in the phylogeny among cnidaria in this group the
organisation of nervous system nervous systems are composed of nerve cells or neurons and glial cells in the latter half of the 19th century it was
nerve cell - the basic unit the basic unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neuron a neuron is to the nervous system what a brick is to the
nervous system and sense organsthe non-chordates also perform a variety of activities such as feeding digestion locomotion etc for this aim they have
closed type of circulatory systemssome non-chordates like cephalopods octopuses squids earthworms polychactes and all vertebrates have a closed
circulatory systemcoelenterates and platyhelminths nutrients in sponges respiratory gases and waste materials can easily diffuse through the
open and closed type of circulatory systems there are two categories of circulatory system found in higher metazoans in one type the original
chlorocruorins - respiratory pigmentsthese types of respiratory pigments are found in four polychaete families sabellidae serpulidae ampharetidae and
hemerythrins - respiratory pigmentsthe hemerythrins are rather rare they take place in some animals belonging to the minor phyla like the sipunculid
haemocyanin - respiratory pigmentsthis pigment is found in several arthropods and molluscs haemocyanins do not consist of haee groups the metal they
hemoglobins - process of respiration hemoglobins are the very well known of all respiratory pigments the basic molecular unit of hemoglobin contains
process of respiration respiratory and circulator system gaseous exchange that is intake of oxygen and output of carbon dioxide takes place at the
gaseous exchangegaseous exchange is take place on by both mantle and the gills the gills of most bivalves are highly changed for filter feeding they
gills - respiratory organsgills are the specialised respiratory organs of several aquatic animals they are found in mollusis and as well in many
tracheae - respiratory organstracheal respiration is characteristic of insects onychophorans diplopods arachnids and chilopods as well use tracheal
lungs - respiratory organsin arachnid arthropods such as scorpion and spider respiration takes place by means of book lungs there are four pairs of
respiratory organs these are the organs regarded with the gaseous exchange ie intake of oxygen and output of carbon dioxide they have generally
phases of respiration in animalsthe procedures of respiration in these animals have the following phasesi external respiration is usually described
characteristic feature of respirationfrom our opinion we may say that the characteristic feature of respiration is the intake of oxygen and the
respiratory system in living organismsrespiration is a necessary physiological process in all living organisms by which they obtain energy for
osmoregulation in freshwater metazoans freshwater and brackish water animals that are live in hypoosmoticof lower osmotic pressure environment and
osmoregulation in marine non-chordate metazoans studies on the osmotic pressure of body fluids of marine organisms have displayed that their internal
water relations in terrestrial environmentinsects are the largest group of metazoans which have most successfully invaded the terrestrial environment
osmoregulation in non-chordate metazoanspreviously you have studied that in protozoans particularly fresh water protozoans contractile vacuoles play