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explain the pre pregnancy height and foetal outcomematernal height prior to conception determined by heredity socio-economic environment and maternal
explain the pre pregnancy weight and foetal outcomeseveral studies from around the world from developing and developed countries have demonstrated an
define maternal nutrition and foetal outcomematernal malnutrition has deleterious effects on both the mother and the offspring inadequate energy
define requirements of sodium during pregnancy periodas you know sodium plays a role in fluid balance sodium metabolism is altered during
define requirements of iodine during pregnancy periodyou would be already aware that maternal iodine deficiency leads to cretinism in the off
define requirements of zinc during pregnancy periodzinc as a mineral was found to be associated with foetal growth and birth weight low plasma zinc
define requirements of calcium during pregnancy periodthe foetus retains about 25-30 g of calcium over the course of gestation most of which is
define mineral requirements during pregnancy period - ironwhile b12 and folk acid are needed for the normal erythropoiesis they must be accompanied
define need of vitamin e and k during pregnancy periodvitamin e needs are believed to increase during pregnancy but deficiency in humans rarely
define need of vitamin c during pregnancy periodvitamin c deficiency has not been shown to affect the course or outcome of pregnancy in humans
define need of vitamin a during pregnancy periodall four vitamins ace and k have specific functions and a common role for all of them is to preserve
determine requirement of folic acid and vitamin b12 during pregnancyfolic acid and vitamin b12 are important for production of new cells dna must
define effect micronutrients during pregnancy periodthe need for many vitamins and minerals is increased during pregnancy since energy intake
define effect of protein excess during pregnancy periodit is not advisable to recommend protein supplements reports in the literature indicate that
define effect of protein deficiency during pregnancy periodthe effects of protein deficiency during pregnancy are difficult to separate from the
determine protein needs during pregnancy periodaltogether 925 g of protein are deposited in a normal foetus and maternal accessory tissues and
define composition of the diet during pregnancy periodthe composition of the diet during pregnancy should be the same as for a non- pregnant woman
define nutritional needs during pregnancyit must be evident by now that several physiological changes occur in the body of an expectant mother and
determine the functions of organ during pregnancydramatic changes occur in renal functions to eliminate the nitrogenous and other waste products of
define placental secretion of oestrogens during pregnancyplacental secretion of oestrogens increase with progression of pregnancy oestrogens perform
define effect on oestrogens and progesterone in pregnancyoestrogens and progesterone are secreted by the placenta from 8-10 weeks of gestation
define effect on human placental lactogen in pregnancyhuman placental lactogen with a structure similar to the growth hormone increases throughout
define effect on human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancyhuman chorionic gonadotropin hcg begins to increase immediately on implantation of the ovum
define interpretation of blood or serum nutrient values in pregnancyinterpretation of bloodserum nutrient values in pregnancy is therefore complex
explain the effect on serum proteins during pregnancytotal serum protein gradually decreases along with a sharp decline in albumin there is