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stratified samplingin this method the population is divided into strata such as social classes or occupational groups and a sample is randomly
random samplingin this case a sample of people is selected at random meaning that every section of the population has an equal chance of being
sampling methodsit is not always feasible or necessary to contact everyone in a population instead a sample can be used from which to generalise to
role of surveysa survey aims to obtain standardised quantifiable information from or sometimes about a defined group of people known as a population
the purpose of a survey is to obtain standardised quantifiable information from a defined group of people usually through use of a questionnaire
analysis of qualitative dataalthough analysis usually takes place after data collection has been completed in a case study you should start your
triangulationas you will have realised there are a large number of individual methods of data collection that can be used for a case study each have
archival - documentary methodswe have already mentioned documents earlier in our discussion of secondary sources of data some documents may be in the
diary methodsin this type of research the subjects of the case study are asked to keep a diary or record to which the researcher has access either
focus groupsthe focus group is a particular type of group interview with a small number of participants usually between five and ten people brought
almost all qualitative research includes interviews in some form unlike observation the technique of interviewing is to ask specific questions of the
central to this is deciding what it is you want to observe and how you are going to record it you may decide to observe any or all of the
observationin observation you are concerned with recording what people do and say the aim is to come as close as possible to an understanding of real
in this section we will consider the qualitative methods of investigation usually associated with case studies although note that case studies may
role and design of a case studycase studies present the opportunity to study issues in depththere is a range of different types of case study these
case studies and handling qualitative datamuch research in the social sciences is conducted through case studies and it is very likely that you will
research strategiesthere are three main strategies in research based around different ways of collecting and analysing empirical evidencea
primary and secondary dataprimary data is data collected specifically for the research enquiry being conducted you could think of this in terms of
qualitative dataqualitative data comprises recordings of individual perceptions - the meaning that events or incidences have to those involved it is
quantitative dataquantitative data is expressed in numbers it comprises measurements of variables which by statistical analysis can be organised -
types of datathere are two important ways of categorising data that you need to take into account in thinking about the data you need to help you
in developing the design of your research you need to consider two elementsthe methodology - how the research will be conducted and the role which
referencingin all academic work you need to acknowledge the sources on which you have drawn this not only allows readers to locate and follow up the
organising your informationit is one thing to take effective notes but you also need to organise this mass of information you have gathered from your
note taking is a key skill and is a very important part of reading it has two purposesuml aiding understanding - by picking out the key points