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metals semiconductors and insulators for electrons to move within an applied electric field there have to be states available to them a totally
mixed bondingdisplayed by iii-v compounds bonding partly ionic and partly covalentionic character of bonding becomes much more prominent since the
covalent bondingexhibited through the diamond lattice semiconductorseach atom enclosed by four nearest neighbors each comprising four electrons in
metallic bondingin metals the outer shell is filled through no more than three electrons loosely bound and given up easily gt great chemical activity
ionic bondinginstance naclna z 11 gives up the outermost shell electron of it to cl z17 atom so the crystal is build up of ions with the electronic
bonding forces and energy bands in solids electrons are controlled to sets of discrete energy levels in atoms with large gaps among them in which no
impurities in semiconductorscan be added in accurately controlled amountscan modify the electronic and optical propertiesused to change conductivity
energy gapdifferentiating feature between the metals insulators and semiconductorsascertains the absorption or emission spectra the leakage current
applications of semiconductorsintegrated circuits ics ssi msi lsi and vlsifluorescent materials used in tv screens ii-vi znslight detectors insb cdse
semiconductorsconductivity in among those of metals and insulatorsconductivity can be changed over orders of magnitude through changes in temperature
analysis of semiconductor devicesthere are two complementary techniques of studying semiconductor devices via numerical simulation of the
energy band diagramenergy band diagram in qualitative form is sketched by following the following process1 the semiconductor device is supposed to be
analysis in equilibriumsolution of poissons equation with suitable boundary conditions - non-equilibrium analysis the electron and hole densities are
semiconductor in equilibriumequilibrium in semiconductors implies the followingi steady state partz partt 0in which z is any physical
continuity equationsthese equations are fundamentally particle conservation equationselectron continuity equation partn partt 1q partjn partx
semiconductor equations the semiconductor equations that are relating these variables are shown belowcarrier density n ni exp efn - ei
pn diode the current-voltage characteristics are of major concern in the learning of semiconductor devices with light entering like a third variable
common drain amplifierin electronics a common-drain amplifier as well termed as a source follower is one type of three basic single-stage field
common source amplifiera common-source amplifier is one of three basic single-stage field-effect transistor abbreviated as fet amplifier topologies
amplifierusually an amplifier or simply amp is any device which changes generally increases the amplitude of a signal the connection of the input to
advantages of bjt over mosfetbjts have some benefits over mosfets for at least two digital applications very first in high speed switching they do
primacy of mosfetin the year 1959 dawon kahng and martin m john atalla at bell laboratory invented the mosfet operationally and structurally
saturation or active mode while vgs gt vth and vds gt vgs - vththe switch is turned on and a channel has been made that allows current
triode modewhen vgs gt vth and vds lt vgs - vththe transistor is turned on and a channel has been created that allows current to
operation of mosfetthe operation of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor which is abbreviated as mosfet can be separated into three