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static or electronic energy meterselectronic energy meters are replacing traditional electromechanical meters in several residential commercial and
hybrid metersthese meters have electronic measurement circuits but show is by impulse countersstepper motors accuracy is classically class 10 or 20
electromechanical meterselectromechanical energy meters are based on the ferraris principle see note in the margin the working of these meters is
technology options for meteringenergy meters classically consist of an energy measurement apparatus for measuring energy consumption and a gauge in
metering technologiesan electric meter or energy meter is a device in which measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to customers of an
metering and billing systempreviously you have learnt about various measures for reducing commercial losses of a utility you have studied in which
technical loss reduction - power supply1 technical loss reduction could be achieved through several measures such as network reconfiguration load
prepaid meteringprepaid metering is the state of art for single and three-phase although current metering and should be implemented through utilities
prepayment metersusage of prepayment meters will extensively improve the revenue collection of the utilities there are a number of ways in that
demand side managementdemand side management refers to programmes implemented through utilities to modify consumer load profile energy efficiency
activities to preparing long-term plans1 data collection regarding existing loads forecast of expected loads operating conditions and etc from grid
objective of long-term plans for technical loss reductionthe primary objectives of strengthening and improvement of sub-transmission and distribution
long-term plans for technical loss reductionlong-term measures for technical loss reduction include all measures that require to be taken for the
preventive and regular maintenancepreventive and regular manages of components of the distributions system is necessary to reduceeliminate breakdowns
types of high voltage distribution systema high voltage distribution system could be of the subsequent types- three phase extension ht line from the
high voltage distribution system or hvdsadoption of hvds high voltage distribution system through converting existing lvds to hvds reduces the
increase in ht and lt ratioit is well known that for high htlt ratio the losses will be low the losses for a given quantum of power supplied through
factors of contributing to losses in service cables1 tapping of underground service cables the service cables must be visible so that tapping of
guarding against losses in service cables and connectionsthe service cables to consumer premises are often a source of loss that can be reduced given
outdoor termination for cables - measures for improving connectionoutdoor terminations for paper insulated or pilca cables were generally used
measures for improving joints and connection1 spacing of poles the spacing between poles for overhead lines is also an important requirement long
bad workmanshipbad workmanship contributes importantly towards increasing distribution losses efforts should thus be made to have the best probable
improving joints and connections - energy lossimproper joints are a source of energy loss in both overhead and underground systems the conductivity
connection of shunt capacitors at 11 kv substations11 kv automatic switched capacitor banks are installed on bus of 33 or 66 kv substations this has
connection of shunt capacitors at distribution transformerprovision of capacitors at load point is found to be hard in practice because of the