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in order to be able to make a program quite a lot of tools are needed earliest an editor is used to create the source program. next a compiler
it would not emerge practical to type an entire program each time it is required and to avoid this it is possible to store a program on the disk with
the primary step is to start the debug this step only consists of typing debug enter on the operative system on time. the quotaquot assemble
in assembly language code lines have two fractions the earliest one is the name of the instruction which is to be executed and the next one are the
to make a program in assembler two choices exist the earliest one is to use the tasm or turbo assembler of borland and the next one is to use the
the cpu has four internal registers each of 16 bits. the first four ax bx cx and dx are common use registers and can also be used as 8 bit registers
for the formation of a program it is necessary to follow five steps design of the algorithm stage the problem to be solved is reputable and the
information units in order for the pc to process information it is essential that this information be in unique cells called registers. the
the main components of a computer system at a basic level computer system we call computer system to the whole configuration of a computer
the first reason to work with assembler is that it offers the opportunity of knowing more the operation of your pc which permits the development of
there are many other techniques in which companies who manufacture microprocessors have attempted to get better the performance of their cpus.
two competing architectures were developed for improving the architecture of the central processing unit and different processors are conventional to
while pipelining can cruelly cut the time taken to execute a program there are troubles that cause it to not work as well as it possibly shall. the
the easiest way to approach pipelining is to regard as the three stage fetch decode and execute instruction execution cycle outlined earlier. there
previously two sections the fundamentals of the workings and architecture of the central processing unit has been explained. there has been a common
these addressing modes are with immediate addressing no lookup of data is essentially required. the data is located in the operands of the
just the once the instruction has been fetched and is accumulated the next step is to decode the instruction so as to work out what actions should be
one time a program is in memory it has to be executed. to do this each instruction must be appeared at decoded and acted upon in turn until the
for a processor to be able to process an instruction it requires to be able to determine what the instruction is asking to be carried out. for this
when software is installed onto a modern day personal computer most commonly from a cd-rom though other media or downloading from the internet is
the system bus is a cable which carries data communication among the major components of the computer as well as the microprocessor. not all of the
different kinds of registers are general between most microprocessor designs. these are program counter pc this register is utilized to
quea register is a memory location surrounded by the cpu itself designed to be rapidly accessed for purposes of fast data retrieval. processors
the three main elements of the control unit are 1.decoder this is used to decode the instructions that create a program when they are being
alus tasks and their suitable subcomponents addition and subtraction these two tasks are carried out by constructs of logic gates such as