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the 21h function and the 22h function of the 21h interruption are the ones in charge of realizing the random readings and writings in that order. the
earlier than anything we must describe the file transfer area or dta. with the intention of sequentially read we use the 14h function of the
previous to we can perform writing to the disk it is essential to define the data transfer region using for this end the 1ah function of the
creating a new file for the formation of files the 21h interruption 16h function is used. dx must identify a control structure whose necessities
opening files 0fh function is used to open an fcb file the 21h interruption. the element the name and extension of the file must be initialized
there are two kinds of fcb the normal whose length is 37 bytes and the expanded one of 44 bytes. the fcb is created of data given by the
there are two methods to work with files the first one is through file control blocks or quotfcbquot and the second one is through
software interruptions can be thoroughly activated by the assembler invoking the number of the preferred interruption with the int
external interruptions are produced by peripheral devices for example keyboards printers communication cards etc. they are also produced by
internal interruptions are produced by convinced events which come during the execution of a program. these types of interruptions are handled
they are used to reduce or enlarge the content of the counters. dec inc dec instruction idea to diminish the
they straightforwardly affect the content of the flags. clc cld cli cmc stc std sti clc
they are used to evaluate operators and they have an effect on the content of the flags. cmp cmps cmpsb cmpsw cmp
they transfer the process flow provisionally or totally to a destiny replicating this action until the counter is
these instructions permit the use of the stack to store or recover data. pop popf push pushf pop
they are used to act upon logic operations on the operators. and or neg not test xor and
they are utilized to move the contents of the operators. each instruction can be used with many different modes of addressing. mov movs
they are particular register instructions. they are used to load bytes or sequences of bytes onto a register. lods lodsb
the unconditional jumps in a written program in assembler language are specified by the jmp instruction a jump is to moves the flow of the execution
the instructions of the logic functions are and not or and xor. these act on the bits of their operators. to make sure the result of the
in any program it is essential to move the data in the memory and in the cpu registers there are a number of ways to do this it can copy data in the
symbols chart every one of the parts on code line in assembler is known as token for instance on the code line mov ax var we comprise
the architecture of the x86 processors forces with the use of memory segments to direct the information the size of these segments is of
to build assembler programs with tasm programs is a different program structure than from using debug program. it3939s important to comprise the