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cutbacks and emulsionscutbacksa cutback is a bitumen whose viscosity has been reduced by adding a diluent such as naphtha or kerosene the use of
tests on bitumenthe following tests are conducted on bitumen to find its suitability as a road binder a penetration testb softening point testc flash
desirable properties of bitumenfor performing as a good binder for road works bitumen should have the following desirable propertiesa when heated to
road binders bitumenbitumen is a viscous semi-solid material dark in color having adhesive properties and derived from the distillation of petroleum
tests on cementthe following tests are conducted on cement in a project sitesetting time initial setting time final setting timecompressive
grade of cementin india the following grades of cement are used for roads ordinary portland cement opc grade 33 grade 43 grade 53portland pozzolana
binders cementcement as a bindercement is one of the main ingredients of concrete when cement sets with the addition of water it forms a paste and
shape and soundness test - testing of aggregatesshapefor providing a good interlock and strength the aggregates should be cubical in shape elongated
presence of deleterious materialdeleterious materials are vegetable matter soft particles clay lumps mica coal etc which can adversely affect the
testing of aggregatesfor use in pavement road aggregates have to be strong durable and of good shape a well-graded aggregates adds to the stability
use of stone aggregates in road constructionstone aggregates are extensively used in roads in pavement layers they are obtained from natural rock the
moisture-density relationshipsince various compactive efforts result in varying degrees of compaction it is necessary to standardize the compactive
road materialsearthwork and pavements constitute a significant part of the cost of a road hence it is desirable that thorough investigations be done
cross-sectional elementsthe terms used in the cross-section of a road are carriagewaythe portion where traffic movesshoulderthe portion outside the
sight distancesight distance is the distance along a road at which a driver has a visibility of objects and can safely stop his vehicle or overtake
vertical gradientvertical gradient can be of three typesruling gradientused as a matter of courselimiting gradientused in situations where site
widening on curvespavements have to be widened on curves because of the fact that a the vehicle has a wheel base and overhang on the front and rear
pavement widththe pavement widths commonly adopted are single lane
geometric design of roadsgeometric design of roads deals with elements such as cross-section horizontal and vertical alignment sight distances
roads in hilly areasa the alignment selected should attain the changes in elevation by adopting the ruling gradient to
basic considerations governing selection of road alignmentthe following considerations shall be kept in view in selecting the road alignmentroads in
topographical survey and preparation of drawingstopographical survey for a road project consists of three sequential stagesa reconnaissance survey
traffic surveysthe following traffic surveys are needed for preparing a good road projectclassified volume countsthis survey is normally carried out
types of surveys and investigationsfor preparing a good road project the following surveys and investigations are neededa
state highwaysthese are trunk or arterial roads of a state connecting the national highways of adjacent states and linking the district headquarters