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concrete pavementthicknessthe thickness of concrete pavements is determined from the stresses induced due to loads and temperature the thickness
quality control in flexible pavementsthe quality control needed for flexible pavements covers the following tests a density and moisture content of
semi dense bituminous concretesemi dense bituminous concrete sdbc is similar to bc but with a higher void content 5-10 per cent as against 3-5 per
rolling - binderthe layer thickness is 40-50 mm rolling is done in three stages initial rollingby 80-100 kn smooth wheeled rollerintermediate
bituminous concretebituminous concrete bc is a hot-mix superior type of bituminous surfacing having a low voids 3-5 per cent good durability high
dense bituminous macadama dense bituminous macadam dbm is a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent two gradings are
grouted or penetration macadamthis is a specification where the binder is sprayed on a compacted layer of stone aggregates and is allowed to
bituminous macadambituminous macadam bm is a base course in which coarse aggregates are mixed with a bituminous binder the mix is open-graded with
prime coata prime coat is the application of a low viscosity binder usually a bituminous emulsion to a gravel wbm or wmm surface to enable the binder
bituminous coursestypes of bituminous coursesthe following are the various bituminous course commonly used a prime coatb tack coatc surface dressingd
wet mix macadamfor heavily trafficked highways the granular bases are constructed using wet mix macadam wmm the wmm is a specification in which well
stone solingone of the early practices in road construction was to provide a stone soling 150-225 mm in thickness the stones are laid by manual
brick pavementin regions where stone aggregates are not available within economical leads bricks provide a cheaper alternative flat-brick or
examples of stabilised pavement layersexamples sand-clay mixture sand-gravel mixture soil-aggregate mixture soil-soft aggregate
stabilised pavement layerssoil stabilisation is the process of treating a soil in such a manner as to alter and improve its properties for use as a
load distribution factorthe formula for deriving at the number of repetitions of the standard axle load during a design period of n years isn 365
design of flexible pavementsthe design of flexible pavements is done by the cbr method the cbr test described further gives an indication of the
construction of embankmentthe following steps describe embankment construction a the ground is cleared and grubbed and all vegetation grass roots etc
borrow pitsborrow pits are the locations from where the embankment soil is obtained the following guidelines govern the location of borrow pits a
desirable characteristics of a pavementin order to fulfill the above function the pavement has to have the following desirable properties a it should
functions and desirable characteristics of pavementsfunction of pavementa pavement is that part of a road on which vehicles travel the pavement has
road pavementspavements constitute an important part of road as they withstand the traffic loads and transmit them to the earthen embankment a study
basic things used in road constructionwater absorption the quantity of water absorbed by aggregatesaggregate impact value the percentage by weight
basic keywords related to road materialssub-grade the portion of road embankment immediately
emulsionan emulsion is a bituminous binder which is in a fluid form at atmospheric temperatures above ooc and requires no heating at all bitumen cab