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membrane oxygenators they are more physiological and are similar to natural lungs there is separation of blood and gas by membrane across which gas
bubble oxygenators these have a mixing chamber where venous blood is collected and from the bottom end micro bubbles of oxygen are passed and as they
types of oxygenatorsa film oxygenatorsb disc oxygenatorsc bubble oxygenatorsd membrane oxygenatorsfilm and disc oxygenators are not used for clinical
ideal characteristics1 maximize gas transfer oxygen carbon dioxide and anaesthetic gases2 minimize blood trauma3 good heat transfer efficiency4
oxygenator they serve the function of lungs during extra corporeal circulation ecc - oxygenation removal of carbon dioxide and transport of
pulsatile perfusion conventional pumps give continuous flow with very little pulsatile property pulsatile perfusion is likely to result in better
centrifugal pump this is available for clinical perfusion from 1976 bio medicus pump it is disposable causes less blood trauma and reduces the risk
roller pump this is the type most commonly used in clinical perfusion it has a circular metal housing inside which there is a rotating urn with two
blood pump ideal characteristics1 i should be able to pump up to seven litres of blood per minute2 it should not damage cellular and cellular
equipment to maintain effective circulation and carry out functions of the lungs during an open heart operation the equipment should have1 blood
cardio pulmonary bypass open-heart surgery is considered as one of the most significant advances in medicine of 20th century establishment
applications the first operation conducted was ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus through a left thoracotomy same approach is used for
techniques depending on the type of surgery planned the heart may be approached through median sternotomy left or right thoracotomy the problems
closed heart surgery operative procedures on the heart or major intra thoracic vessels done when the heart is beating and supporting effective
a brief history of heart surgery the dawn of paediatric cardiac surgery was on august 26 1938 when robert gross at the boston childrens hospital
introduction it took just hundred years for cardiac surgery to advance to what it is today before 1896 surgeons considered heart to be
objectives after reading surgery you will be able to1 understand the fundamental of closed and open heart surgery and recent developments in off
the major hazards encountered in the biological lab work are diseases like infections and allergies which are caused by handling live animals
disposal you must always sterilize cultures and contaminated instruments and glassware before disposing them of or before washing-up usually you can
sterilization of apparatus for microbiology experiments containers of dangerous biological materials and the doors leading to laboratories or rooms
microorganisms great care must be taken in microbiological experiments particularly with pathogenic disease producing organisms many microorganisms
blood sampling in blood sampling the skin is deliberately punctured in order to take a blood sample for analysis if this is done carelessly it is
sharps cuts due to careless handling of sharps such as sectioning razors microtome blades etc are probably the most common cause of injury in the
the dangers of working in labs with animals will be minimised if the following precautions are taken1 wash all dissection instruments in disinfectant
disposal opaque bags are the recommended for disposing off carcasses you should also put freshly dissected animals and tissues into opaque plastic