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What are the organic chemical groups that characterize carbohydrates? How are carbohydrates classified according to the presence of those groups?
Why is iodine important for human beings? What are the main biological functions in which chlorine ions participate?
What is the importance of magnesium for plants? What are the other main biological functions of magnesium? What is phosphorylation? What are some biological processes in which phosphorylation plays a
What are the main biological processes in which calcium participates? What is hemoglobin? What is the inorganic element that is fundamental in the composition of hemoglobin?
Why is pH regulation important for living beings? How do mineral salts participate in this regulation?
How do mineral salts participate in osmotic regulation? What is the role of mineral salts in the creation of electric tension (voltage) at the cellular level?
What are the criteria that the researchers use to choose whether a protein is an SR protein or and SR-like protein? What are ions? What are the two types of molecules into which ions are classified?
In many animals GTP is produced in citric acid cycle. While in plants,bacteria and some animals ATP is produced. Why is this so ? What is the advantage ?
Using a regular light microscope what is the main difference you expect to observe when viewing cultures of macrophages infected with amastigotes of either Leishmania donovanior Leishmania mexicana.
What advantage do many weak interactions have over a few strong interactions?
Mitosis in eukaryotes happen in this order: DNA replicates and then the cell divides.
What type of protective immune response has been suggested to be induced by radiation-attenuated schistosome larvae, and does this operate in humans?
Briefly describe two experimental procedures that have been used to identify molecules expressed on the exposed outer surface of the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoniworms.
Describe the main clinical symptoms of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and explain how these arise from a Trypanosoma bruceiinfection.
What kind of alleles can be maintained by a balance between mutation and selection? Which three factors affect the equilibrium allele frequency and how?
Explain why spatially separated populations become increasingly genetically differentiated over time and which process might counteract this differentiation.
Compare congenital diseases involving glycan biosynthesis and glycan degradation. Explain what the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is and why it is important ?
What are glyco-engineered cells and how are they used? Give two examples for the analytical use of lectins.
How is the eukaryotic O-GlcNAc modification different from other glycans? How could you use the enzyme inhibitor Thiamet G to test possible pathological effects of the O-GlcNAc modification?
Describe a study that can measure ecosystem fluxes of sulphur compounds from a local managed grassland pasture whilst accounting for confounding factors. Cost is no issue but you only have two peopl
What is glycan microheterogeneity? List three aspects of N-glycan biosynthesis that are similar in bacteria and eukaryotes.
What happens to the membrane potential if the conductance for ion x increases and the equilibrium potential of x is more negative than the resting potential?
Why do C4 plants saturate earlier than C3 plants on a photosynthetic vs CO2 graph? Draw a labeled diagram of vessels in the rat which form or drain into the inferior vena cava.
Which are the main positive ions found in living beings? describe the composition and function of the blood brain barier. how wil the size of a haplotype block change over evolutionary time?