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Pressurized steam at 450 K flows through a long, thin-walled pipe of 0.5-m diameter. The pipe is enclosed in a concrete casing that is of square cross section
Radiation leaves a furnace of inside surface temperature 1500 K through an aperture 20 mm in diameter. A portion of the radiation is intercepted by a detector
Pulverized coal pellets, which may be approximated as carbon spheres of radius ro = 1 mm, are burned in a pure oxygen atmosphere at 1450 K and 1 atm.
Radiation from the atmosphere or sky can be estimated as a fraction of the blackbody radiation corresponding to the air temperature near the ground
Radioactive wastes are temporarily stored in a spherical container, the center of which is buried a distance of 10 m below the earth's surface.
Refrigerant -134 a is being transported at 0.1 kg/s through a Teflon tube of inside diameter D; = 25 mm and outside diameter Do = 28 mm
Liquid oxygen (LOX) for the Space Shuttle can be stored at 90 K prior to launch in a spherical container 4 m in diameter
One end of a 0.3 m long steel rod is connected to a wall at 204°C. The other end is connected to a wall which is maintained at 93°C.
Measurements show that steady-state conduction through a plane wall without heat generation produced a convex temperature distribution
Long stainless steel rods of 50-mm diameter are preheated to a uniform temperature of 1000 K before being suspended from an overhead conveyor for transport
Liquid nitrogen is stored in a thin-walled spherical vessel of diameter Di = 1 m. The vessel is positioned concentrically within a larger, thin-walled spherical
Latent heat capsules consist of a thin-walled spherical shell within which a solid-liquid, phase-change material (PCM) of melting point T mp and latent heat
One end of a stainless steel (AISI 316) rod of diameter 10 mm and length 0.16 m is inserted into a fixture maintained at 200°C.
Liquid mercury at 0.5 kg/s is to be heated from 300 to 400 K by passing it through a 50-mm-diameter tube whose surface is maintained at 450 K
Many laptop computers are equipped with thermal management systems that involve liquid cooling of the central processing unit (CPU), transfer
Oil at 150°C flows slowly through a long, thin-walled pipe of 30-mm inner diameter, the pipe suspended in a room
One modality for destroying malignant tissue involves imbedding a small spherical heat source of radius ro within the tissue and maintaining local temperatures
On a very still morning, the surface temperature of a lake used to cool the condenser of a power plant is 30°C while the air temperature is 23°C
On a summer day the air temperature is 27°C and the relative humidity is 30%. Water evaporates from the surface of a lake at a rate of 0.10 kg/h
On a cool day in April a scantily clothed runner is known to lose heat at a rate of 500 W because of convection to the surrounding air at T8 10oC
In the inspection of a sample of meat intended for human consumption, it was found that certain undesirable organisms were present
It is desired to estimate the effectiveness of a horizontal, straight fin of rectangular cross section when applied to a surface operating at 45°C
Consider a 200-mm-thick solid slab of steel (p = 7800 kg/m3, c = 700 J/kg · K. k = 30 W/m · K), initially at a uniform temperature of Ti = 1400°C.
It is known that on clear nights a thin layer of water on the ground will freeze before the air temperature drops below 0°C.
In the final stages of production, a pharmaceutical is sterilized by heating it from 25 to 75°C as it moves at 0.2 m/s through a straight thin-walled stainless