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foreign inclusions slag inclusionsthis is formed due to entrapment of oxides and non metallic solid material in the weld deposit or between the
defects involving inadequate bondinglack of fusioninvolves lack of complete melting and fusion of some portion of the weld metal in a joint it may
type of defects and their significance defects in weldments in general can be classified as followsi defects involving inadequate bondinglack of
general reasons for defectsthe importance of weld quality is increasingly felt as we go ahead with the fabrication of sophisticated products using
significance of defects in welds in the correct sense of the word a defect is a rejectable discontinuity or a flaw of rejectable nature certain
laser weld overlay i claddingthis process brings the metal surface to a substantially higher temperature than in the heat treating process and
transformation hardeningthe main features of the laser as a heat source for transformation hardening area clean energy sourceb energy is localised no
laser surface treatment applications the laser can be used to alter the surface structure of materials either with or without alloying additions
main features of laser cutting process 1 laser cut kerf is very narrow resulting in material saving2 has very narrow heat affected zone haz and
advantages of laser welding process 1 narrow deep penetration welds capable of being produced in atmosphere2 low thermal distortion - due to less
applications with medium laser power several laser welding applications have recently evolved in this power range of 1 to 10 kw because the laser
laser welding applications with low power for a lap weld joining of aisi 416 stainless steel cap to a aisi 310 stainless steel body co2 laser with
mechanism of laser welding laser welding of metals is performed with beams focused to irradiate levels in the range of 106 to 107 w cm2 at such
lasers with solid state lasing mediumsfor an active medium the solid state laser uses lasing ions which are suspended in a rod shaped solid matrix
carbon dioxide co2 lasers the co2 laser is a gas discharge device and it operates by electric excitation of an active medium that is a mixture of
laser beam material processing light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation laser is generated when a lasing medium is excited by a
aerospace applications the need for ebw as a critical fabrication process in realising elements and assemblies for spacecraft and launch vehicle
nuclear applications of electron beam welding electron beam has been applied to the fabrication of fuel elements for pressurised water reactors
steelsplain carbon amp c - mn steelsbecause of low heat input in as welded condition the micro structures of the autogenous process welds
metallurgy of electron beam weldingebw is capable of joining a variety of materials in a broader thickness range than any other fusion welding
materials weldabilityelectron beam welding has the ability to weld a variety of materials including dissimilar combinations these can be split into
typical joint designs that are used in electron beam weldingbutt joint butt joint is the preferred joint as it involves only a small amount of
effect of process parametershigh voltage gives high velocities in the electron beams the mutual repulsion effects in the constituent electrons will
working chamber of ebwthe chamber is usually rectangular in shape and has heavy windows to permit viewing the work both high voltage machines and low
types of electron beam welding gun diode cathode - anode gun in this gun the beam shaping electrode and the emitter are both at the same