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demand management policiesthese policies are intended to increase aggregate demand and therefore the equilibrium level of national income they
remedies for unemploymentthe measures appropriate as remedies for unemployment will clearly depend on the type and cause of unemployment broadly
the economic costunemployment represents a terrible waste of resources and means that the economy is producing a lower rate of output than it could
the social cost of unemploymenti for the individual there is the demoralizing effect which can be devastating particularly when
cost of unemploymentunemployment is a problem because it imposes costs on society and the individual the cost of unemployment to a nation can be
disguised unemploymentsituation where some people are employed apparently but if they are withdrawn form this job total production remains the same
keynesian unemploymentaccording to keynesian theory of income and employment unemployment occurs due to lack of effective demand if effective demand
structural unemployment caused by structural changes such that there exist cyclical unemployment during depression prices are too low and
transitional unemploymenttransitional unemployment is that situation which prevails due to some temporary reasons the main reason for this
factors responsible for wage differentials within the same occupationi differences in the environment for example a doctor sent
factors responsible for wage differentials between occupationsthe major cause is demand and supply for the particular labour concerned but other
differentials and disequilibriumin a free enterprise system workers aim at maximizing their wages hence it would be expected that workers would
effectiveness of trade unions in developing countriestrade unions in developing countries tend to be less effective in their wage negotiations with
factors affecting the ability of trade unions to gain larger wage increases for its membersthe basic factor is elasticity of demand for the type of
weapons of conflictthe trade unions and the employers or their associations have many ways of enforcing their demands on each other they
the basis of wage claimsthe unions demand for higher wages is normally based on one or more of the following four arguments1 the cost of living
kinds of bargaining arrangementsbasically there are three kinds of bargaining arrangements namelyopen shopin an open shop a union represents its
collective bargainingcollective bargaining refers to the whole process by which trade unions and employers or their representatives arrive at an
trade unionstrade unions are workers organizations whose objective is to protect the interests of their membersfunctionsi to
the comparability principleassociations representing workers providing services - clerical postal teaching etc - have always attempted to apply
the institutional intervention theoriescollective bargaining provides an example of what is sometimes called bi- lateral monopoly the trade union
real and nominal wageswages are wanted only for what they will buy real wages being wages in terms of the goods and services that can be bought with
theories of wage determinationearly theories about wagesthe earliest theories about wage determination were those put forward by thomas malthus david
wage determination policy and theorieswages and salaries are rewards to labour as a factor of production of goods and services in ordinary speech
an optimum populationcountries are often described as under populated or overpopulated from the economists viewpoint these terms do not refer to