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concept and phases of trade cycle broadly speaking the trade or business cycles are those fluctuations which recur in economic activity with a
concept of central bankmh de kock concept of central bank is superior to that of others as it is more inclusive his long definition of central bank
central banka modern central bank performs so many functions of different nature that it is difficult to give any brief yet accurate definition of a
objective of fiscal policyas an instrument of macroeconomic policy the goals of fiscal policy are likely to be different in different countries and
meaning of fiscal policyin this general theory keynes used fiscal policy when referring to the influence of taxation on saving and government
monetary policymeaning of economic growth the primary function of an whether socialist or capitalist is to satisfy people maximum wants it must
occurrence of stagflationtwo possible theoretical explanations can be given for the occurrence of stagflation almost all over the world the first
stagflationthe term stagflation is a recent arrival in economic literature derived from joining together the stage of stagnation and flections of
meaning of inflationthere has been a proliferation of definitions of inflation many of these definitions however embody the description of the
milton friedman makes the demand for money a function of the real per capital permanent income in this study the demand function for money is stated
demand function for moneyin the keynesian analysis the demand for money is a function of the level of income and the rate of interest according to
determinants of money supplythe total supply of nominal money in the economy is determined by the joint behaviour of the central bank which controls
nature and functions of money the concept of money is very difficult to define it is belongs to the category of things which are not amenable to any
external debt problemexternal debt refers to debt owing by one country to another external debt is a more serious problem than internal debt
to what extent has the imf achieved its objectivesthe objective of achieving full convertibility of currencies has not been achieved in the first
objectives of imfto achieve these objectives the following conditions would have to be fulfilled -i
the international monetary fundthe international monetary fund is a kind of an embryo world central bank its objectives arei to work
in the national income analysis investment refers to the value of than part of the aggregate output for any given time period which takes the form of
international financial institutionsin july 1944 a conference took place at bretton woods in new hampshire to try to establish the pattern of
the pigou effect also called the real balance effect is named after the well known cambridge school economist arthur cecil pigou who had first
effects of fluctuations in exchange rateswhen a countrys currency depreciates exporting firms may have competitive advantage but businesses which
factors influencing exchange ratesi inflation other things being equal a country experiencing a high rate of inflation will experience a lower
foreign exchange marketsit is the place where buyers and sellers meet to negotiate the exchange of different currencies eg forex bureausexchange
currency swapsif the currency of one country is not convertible the central banks o f the two countries can exchange their currencies and the country