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the theory of absolutismmonarchy in europe during the medieval period was based on the theory of the king as the first among nobles who represented
the whigs rule britainwith the coronation of william and mary in 1688 the whigs controlled parliament and had support from the crown they used this
the glorious revolutionbetween 1660 and 1688 under the stuart king charles ii and then his son james ii the gentry became the most important group in
the puritan republic and the restorationin 1649 having deposed and killed the king charles the puritan leaders established a republic in england and
civil war and regicidethe army of rebels those who opposed the king was made up of a broad cross-section of english society and politicsleaders such
roundheads and cavaliersby 1640 there was a clear division within the house of commons and across englandon one side were the puritans led by oliver
two views of monarchy divine right vs tyrannydistinct from other european countries in the seventeenth century england was ruled by a monarch but
spainthe most powerful monarchy in europe in this period was spain in the mid-1400s king ferdinand of aragon and queen isabella of castille married
the netherlandslocated to the north of france and west of the rhine river and known as the low lands because much of the land is at or below sea
englandengland like france had a powerful monarch in the early 1500s henry viii he decided that england should break free from rome and should
france more than any other european country felt the political effects of the reformation from the end of the hundred years war in 1450 until the
the holy roman empirein the central part of europe one of the regions formerly part of the roman empire became known as the holy roman empire
monarchy in the 16th centuryto gain consent from lords and nobles to impose taxation kings created councils or assemblies where proposed taxes could
the emergence of sovereign statesthe key to understanding politics in early modern europe is to understand that power was a form of property it was
the radical reformationlater in the 16th century the protestant movement again splintered as another variant appeared in a different swiss city
the spread of the reformation calvinismone of the small countries to which protestantism had spread was geneva in the swiss alps where a priest and
the lutheran movementone audience for luthers writings were those who were discontented not only with the pope and the church but with other aspects
here i stand conscience and the reformationin the german-speaking lands of central europe there was no single king there were many princes
the challenge to romeluthers idea of grace salvation coming directly from god implied a less important role for clergy the group that had
martin luther and the idea of graceof the many reformers involved in the lateran council the one whose proposals for change would become the most
dissenters and reformerseven within the roman catholic church some members of the clergy challenged the authority of the pope to set dogma and to
explain how christian church rise in ancient and medieval europethe founders of the modern religion of christianity were jesuss apostles whom he
philology the study of language and literaturesince the humanist movement was based on the translation and study of classical texts an important
education in the middle ages scholasticismbeginning in about the 12th century the writings of greek and roman philosophers such as plato and
the dignity of man history and politicshumanists interest in the study of language and documents led them to consider history not as an explanation