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the lawful revolutionthe most well organized independence movement was in hungary which had historically been an independent kingdom but which in
toward a greater germanynationalists in the many small german-speaking countries that had once been part of the holy roman empire hoped that they
middle-class nationalists in central europein the spring of 1848 the news of the successful revolution in paris spread across europe especially to
liberals and nationalistsin the spring of 1848 a wave of uprisings swept across europe as people in many countries sought to push away the old regime
paternalistic responses to industrializationthe english government was skeptical of industrys postion on the effects of factory work for moral
utopian views of industrializationan optimistic response to industrialization was what is known as utopianism utopians believed that the growth in
the age of coal and steelin the first half of the nineteenth century most of the innovation in english industry was in the production of fabrics or
technological innovation in industrythose most inclined to find new ways to produce goods were those who had an incentive to do so artisans generally
preconditions to growthas in agriculture industry saw many changes beginning in the later 1700s and continuing across the 1800s these changes led to
handicraft industry and workersthose who did not work on the land in early modern europe were mostly involved in manufacturing which took place
growth in agriculturein the year 1800 much of europe was farmed as it had been for hundreds of years by serfs or peasants who worked on small plots
population growth and productivityfrom the 1300s onward there was gradual growth in the size of the european population and this trend accelerated in
the congress of vienna of 1815after the fall of napoleon the leaders of each of the victorious powers of the coalition britain austria prussia and
the napoleonic warsafter its first surprise victory over the prussians at valmy in 1792 the french army announced it would come to the defense of all
law and the policeto enforce his settlement and end the revolution while preserving its basic changes napoleon created a national police system which
the napoleonic settlementas emperor napoleon ruled france and eventually much of europe until 1815 during these years in all the territory he
thermidor the end of the revolutioneventually robespierre and the committee of public safety became widely feared even by their closest allies as
virtue and terrornew elections were held for a new assembly which began in late 1792 to write yet another constitution for france but before they
from estates-general to national assemblyto gain support for his proposed reforms louis xvi in 1788 summoned an assembly of the estates general such
the problems of europes greatest monarchyin the year 1786 louis xvi king of france ruled over the most powerful monarchy in europe yet he faced
rousseaus social contractone of the most important books on politics written during the enlightenment was rousseaus social contract 1762 the basic
rousseau and the need for virtueif voltaire was the prime example of an enlightenment philosophe who promoted reason as the essential characteristic
voltaire and the philosophesthose who were attracted to deism and the enlightenment felt that they had to displace the clergy from its influential
deism or christianity without christto promote toleration within the anglican church locke and other whigs argued that further religious conflict
toleration vs traditioneven though the new emphasis on reason was based on a very strong belief in god it upset many catholics protestants and