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telephone companies telcos stated atm to meet various goals it gives universal service for all support and subscribers for all users for video voice
some multiple wan methods are defined belowarpanetit start in 1960s it was operated by advanced research project agency which is a company of us
distance-vector routingit is easy to implement packet switch modifies its own routing table first it is used in riplink-state algorithmit is very
in link-state routing network topology is filled from route calculation switches send link-state information about local joins every switch creates
vector-distance algorithm illustrated in more detail belowpacket switches wait for next update message and they goes by entries in packet if entry
local information is immediate hop routing table and distance from every switch the switches regularly broadcast topology information ie distance
in distributed routing computation every packet switch calculates its routing table locally and transmit messages to the neighbors it also updates
there are basically two functions for creating routing tables which are as givenmanual entry softwarefurther there are two types for computing
as there will be more devices there will be more traffic of information we can include capacity to wan by adding more links and packet switches
next hop to receiver does not relay on source of packet this phenomenon is known source independence it has various benefits it gives efficient and
csmacawireless needs collision avoid ness rather than collision checking transmitting computer puts very short codes to receiver receiver responds
collision detectionthe signals from two devices will interfere with each other and the overlapping of frames is known a collision it does not cause
reason for multiple topologiesevery topology has disadvantages and advantages which are described belowin a ring it is simple to coordinate access
network can be distinguished by shape according to which there are three most popular methodologies which are shown as follows star ring
locality of reference principle principle of locality of reference use to predict computer interaction patterns there are two patterns shown as
growth of lan technologythe production of shared communication channels lans started in 1960s and early 1970the basic idea behind was to reduce the
crc can detect the following errors better than check sumsa vertical errorsb burst errorsa vertical errors this kind of error happens due to a
parity bita parity bit is an extra bit transmitted with data item select to give the resulting bit odd or even parity for example an even parity data
transmission errors transmission exceptions may happen due to different causes for example power surges or interference may delete data during
to master the complexity one must apply the given points concentrate in understanding the concepts instead of details of wires used to connect
computer networks is a complex subject due to the given reasons many different technologies existthe first reason for the complexity of networks
computer networks are defined by four factors which are as given below1 network sizeaccording to the size of networks1 local area network lan2
secure socket layer ssl accepts a combination of asymmetric and symmetric public-key encryption to accomplish integrity confidentiality
proof that the sender forwards the message it also prohibits the author of the code from falsely denying that he forward the message this is achieved
a certificate presents an organization in an official digital form this is same to an electronic identity card which serves the purpose of