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the major problems with multiple networks are as givena computer attached to a given server can only interact with other computers attached to the
if a data packet switch has a queue of data packets waiting when a new packet reach the new packet will be located on the whole queue and will have
throughput is a calculate of the rate at which data can be transmit through the network the throughput capability of the underlying hardware is known
it is a basic quantitative property of networks delay is a calculate how long it takes for a bit of data to cross across the network from one end to
there are two kinds of characteristics in case of network performancedelay
address is a full unique identifier connectionless delivery needs address on every packetconnection-oriented delivery may use a short hand that shows
in connectionless schema there is no connection required the source of data includes destination information in data and transmit to the network
sender requests connection from network other receiver agrees to connection computers interchange data through connection one-endpoint requests
at the minimum level most networks sends individual packets of data and the network needs each packet to follow an exact format dictated by the
virtual private network vpn adds the features of both public and private networks it is fixed to single organization and needs public network for
single company or organization owns this they are usually lan technologies there can be multiple lans in a campus or building linked together they
network ownership there are two types in this case1 private network2 public
atm designers select cells over packets because of the following factscells are fixed length and memory management for them is easy handling variable
networks are more frequently being prepared to allow specification of the quality of service needed by usersfor example - a typical voice
the term signaling is used to define communication about the network as opposed to interaction that just uses the networka computer uses signaling
most networks give dynamic connections which last for a relatively short period to operate this atm can dynamically join a switched virtual circuit
atm can give customers with virtual circuits that seem traditional leased digital circuits such permanent virtual circuits pvc fixed as the customer
connections in atm are known virtual circuits or virtual channels these are known virtual since connections are created in atm by starting values in
the connection-oriented service process for networking is same to the manner in which telephones are used this is shown as followsa caller dials a
large data packets result in fewer load because a smaller part of the packet is used for header information optimum networks use 4kb data packets or
telephone companies telcos stated atm to meet various goals it gives universal service for all support and subscribers for all users for video voice
some multiple wan methods are defined belowarpanetit start in 1960s it was operated by advanced research project agency which is a company of us
distance-vector routingit is easy to implement packet switch modifies its own routing table first it is used in riplink-state algorithmit is very
in link-state routing network topology is filled from route calculation switches send link-state information about local joins every switch creates
vector-distance algorithm illustrated in more detail belowpacket switches wait for next update message and they goes by entries in packet if entry