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synchronizationmultiple processors need synchronization with each other while implementing a parallel algorithm that is the task running on processor
parallel balance pointin order to implement a parallel algorithm on a parallel computer k number of processors is needed it may be noted that the
uneven load distributionin the parallel computer the problem is dividing into sub-problems and is assigned for computation to various processors but
cost involved in inter-processor communicationas the data is assigned to many processors in a parallel computer while implementing a parallel
factor causing parallel overheadsfigure clearly explains that the performance metrics are not able to achieve a linear curve in comparison to the
objectivesafter studying this part you should be able to explain the metrics for performance evaluation notify about various parallel system
introductionin this part the topic of performance evaluation shows those parameters that are devised to calculate the performances of various
unix for multiprocessor system-the unix operating system for a multiprocessor system has a number of additional features as compared to the normal
the following issues are decided by the system in the process of message passing1 whether the communication link is established or not2 whether the
message passing programme development environmentin a multicomputer system the computational load among various processors must be balanced to pass
deadlock avoidanceto avoid deadlocks two types of strategies are used1 static prevention it uses v and p operators and semaphores to allocate and
system deadlocka deadlock refers to the situation when simultaneous processes are holding resources and preventing each other from completing their
shared variable programme structures in this section we talk about some more concepts related to the shared programmeconcept of locklocks are used
multi tasking environmentmulti tasking exploits parallelism by1 concurrently using the multiple functional units2 pipelining functional units
sole access protocolthe atomic operations which have conflicts are handled using sole access protocol the process used for synchronization in this
wait protocolthe wait protocol is used for resolving the conflicts which arise due to number of multiprocessors demanding the same resource there are
in multiprocessing various processors have to to communicate with each other therefore synchronisation is needed between them the correctness and
besides these hardware overheads there are certain software overheads imposed by libraries parallel compilers tools and operating systemsthe parallel
parallel programming environment characteristics the parallel programming environment consists of an debugger a editor performance evaluator
objectiveafter going through this part you will be sure to explain the features of software and operating systems for parallel computersin particular
introductionthis part discusses the additional requirements at software levels and operating system which will create the parallel programs run on
master constructinclude ltstdiohgtextern float averagefloatfloatfloatvoid masterconstruct float x float xold int n float tol int c i toobigfloat
this example demonstrates the use of parallel sections construct the three functions fun1 fun2 and fun3 all can be executed concurrently note
this example illustrate the use of lastprivate clause void forloop int n float a float bint ipragma omp parallelpragma omp for lastprivateifor i0
include ltomphgtvoid subdomainfloat x int istart int ipointsint ifor i 0 i lt ipoints ixistarti 123456void subfloat x 10000 int npointsint tnum