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objectivesafter studying this part you should be able to explain the metrics for performance evaluation notify about various parallel system
introductionin this part the topic of performance evaluation shows those parameters that are devised to calculate the performances of various
unix for multiprocessor system-the unix operating system for a multiprocessor system has a number of additional features as compared to the normal
the following issues are decided by the system in the process of message passing1 whether the communication link is established or not2 whether the
message passing programme development environmentin a multicomputer system the computational load among various processors must be balanced to pass
deadlock avoidanceto avoid deadlocks two types of strategies are used1 static prevention it uses v and p operators and semaphores to allocate and
system deadlocka deadlock refers to the situation when simultaneous processes are holding resources and preventing each other from completing their
shared variable programme structures in this section we talk about some more concepts related to the shared programmeconcept of locklocks are used
multi tasking environmentmulti tasking exploits parallelism by1 concurrently using the multiple functional units2 pipelining functional units
sole access protocolthe atomic operations which have conflicts are handled using sole access protocol the process used for synchronization in this
wait protocolthe wait protocol is used for resolving the conflicts which arise due to number of multiprocessors demanding the same resource there are
in multiprocessing various processors have to to communicate with each other therefore synchronisation is needed between them the correctness and
besides these hardware overheads there are certain software overheads imposed by libraries parallel compilers tools and operating systemsthe parallel
parallel programming environment characteristics the parallel programming environment consists of an debugger a editor performance evaluator
objectiveafter going through this part you will be sure to explain the features of software and operating systems for parallel computersin particular
introductionthis part discusses the additional requirements at software levels and operating system which will create the parallel programs run on
master constructinclude ltstdiohgtextern float averagefloatfloatfloatvoid masterconstruct float x float xold int n float tol int c i toobigfloat
this example demonstrates the use of parallel sections construct the three functions fun1 fun2 and fun3 all can be executed concurrently note
this example illustrate the use of lastprivate clause void forloop int n float a float bint ipragma omp parallelpragma omp for lastprivateifor i0
include ltomphgtvoid subdomainfloat x int istart int ipointsint ifor i 0 i lt ipoints ixistarti 123456void subfloat x 10000 int npointsint tnum
in this example we will see the use of parallel construct with private and firstprivate clauses at the end of the program i and j remain undefined as
example programmes for parallel systemsnow we shall complete this with the examples on shared memory programmingexample 13 adding elements of an
shared programming using library routinesthe most well-liked of them is the use of combo function called fork and join fork function is used to make
work-sharing constructsa work-sharing construct distributes the implementation of the associated region between the members of the team that
parallel constructthe syntax of the parallel construct is as followspragma omp parallel set of clauses where clause is one of the