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define character stuffingin byte stuffing or character stuffing a particular byte is added to the data section of the frame when there is a character
what is framingframing in the data link layer divides a message from one source to a destination or from other messages to other destinations by
define decodera device or program that translates encoded data into its original format eg it decodes the data the term is often used in reference to
define encodera device or program that uses predefined algorithms to encode or compress audio or video data for storage or transmission use a circuit
what is forward error correction and data wordsforward error correctionit is the process in which the receiver tries to guess the message by using
define retransmissionretransmission is a process in which the receiver detects the occurrence of an error and asks the sender to resend the message
compare error detection and error correctionthe correction of errors is more difficult than the detection in error detection checks only any error
what are the data link protocolsdata link protocols are sets of specifications used to implement the data link layer the categories of data link
list the steps included in creating the checksuma separate the data into sectionsb add the sections together using 1s complement arithmeticc take the
what is crc and checksumcrc cyclic redudancy checkcrc is the most powerful of the redundancy checking methods is based on binary
what is lrcin lrc a block of bits is separated into rows and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block it can detect burst errors if two
what is vrcit is the most common and least costly mechanism for error detection in vrc a parity bit is added to each data unit so that the total
what is redundancythe method of including extra information in the transmission solely for the purpose of comparisonthis technique is known as
what is error detection what are its methodsdata can be corrupted during transmission for reliable communication errors must be deducted and
what are the responsibilities of application layerthe application layer enables the user whether human or software to access the network it gives
what are the concerns of the physical layerphysical layer coordinates the functions needed to transmit a bit stream over a physical mediuma physical
which layers are user support layersthree layers are come under user support layer-a session layerb presentation layer andc application
which layers are network support layersa physical layerb data link layer andc network
list the layers of osithere are seven layers in osi modela physical layerb data link layerc network layerd transport layere session layerf
what is synchronous tdmin stdm the multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot to every device at all times whether or not a device has anything
what is tdmtdm is a digital process that can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater than the data rate needed
what is wdmwdm is conceptually the similar as fdm except that the multiplexing and demultiplexing includes light signals transmitted by fiber optics
name the categories of multiplexingthere are three categories of multiplexinga frequency division multiplexing fdmb time division multiplexing
what is multiplexingmultiplexing is the set of techniques that permits the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data
define the terms unicasting multiccasting and broadcastingif the message is sent from a source to a one destination node it is called unicastingif